Diarrhea & tympany

diarrhea and tympany its signs and types

1. DIARRHEA / TYMPONY Dr. Fahad Riaz Lecturer CMS FVS (UAF)

2. DIARRHEA Derived from Greek words Dia (through) and rehin (to flow) Increase in the frequency and fluidity of feaces and bowel movement ENTERITIS (inflammation of intestinal) / DYSENTRY (bloody diarrhea) / INTESTINAL CATARRH

3. TYPES OF DIARRHEA Acute sudden onset and lasts less than two weeks 90 % are infectious in etiology 10 % are caused by medications, toxin ingestions, and ischemia Chronic Diarrhea Diarrhea which lasts for more than 4 weeks Most of the causes are non-infectious Persistent Diarrhea Diarrhea lasting between 2 to 4 weeks

4. ETIOLOGY Bacterial Salmonellosis Enterotoxima Jhone’s disease (chronic diarrhea in adult animals ) Viral BVD Blue tongue disaease PPR Canine distemper Fungal Aspergillosis Parasitic Fascioliasis Giardiosis Toxoplasmosis Miscellaneous Poisioning Lactic acidosis Eosinophic colitis (dogs) Colitis – X disease

5. PATHOGENESIS Diarrhea develops when ever the small intestinal absorption process decreases and secretion increases Osmotic effects Withdrawal of body fluid Exudation or inflammation Fluid production beyond absorptive capacity Malabsorption of fluid Destruction / atrophy of villous absorptive cells

6. CLINICAL SIGNS IN ACUTE ENTERITIS PASSAGE OF SOFT AND FLUID FEACESS DEHYDRATION OCASSIONAL ABDOMINAL PAIN TOXEMIA MAY CONTAIN BLOOD / MUCOUS OR BOTH UNPLEASENT ODOR IN CHRONIC NO ODOR WEIGHT LOSS EMACIATION WITHOUT CLINICAL DEHYDRATION

7. DIFFERENTIAL DIARRHEA VOLUMINOUS FLUID FEACES NO BLOOD NO MUCOUS LESS PUS CELLS NO STRAINING (TENESMUS) DYSENTRY SCANTY STICKY PRESENCE OF BLOOD MUCOUS ABUNDANT PUSS CELLS STARINING

8. TREATMENT SPECIFIC ANTIBACTERIAL INFLAMATION FEVER ANTHELMENTICS ANTIVIRAL ANTIFUNGAL SYMPTOMATIC REPLACING OF FLUID ELECTROLYTE (ORS) ANTIEMETIC WITHHOLDING ALTERATION OF DIET

9. TYMPANY Over-distention of rumen and reticulum with gases of fermentation, characterization clinically by sign of Colic left abdomen distention Dyspnea (difficulty in respiration) and sudden death BLOAT / RUMINAL TYMPANY

10. Etiology The ruminal tympany is of two types; Primary ruminal tympany, and Secondary ruminal tympany The primary ruminal tympany is also called as Frothy or Foamy bloat. This can further be divided into; 1. Leguminous or Pasture bloat, and 2. Feed-lot bloat

11. Etiology: A-1. Leguminous/pasture bloat It is caused by grazing of animals on fast growing, lush green leguminous plants, e.g. alfalfa , Cereal crops ( wheat, clovers, rape ) and Leguminous vegetables ( peas, beans, guar , etc.), particularly during rainy season and/or when heavy fertilizer is applied.

12. Lush green pasture is a common cause of tympany

13. Etiology: A-2. Feed-lot bloat The feed-lot bloat is more seen in fattening or dairy animals, which are fed on grains as a main source of their diet. The susceptibility of this type of bloat is increased when animals are not accustomed to feed on grains and/or when the grains used are finely grounded .

14. Feeding on grains is a common cause of feedlot bloat

15. Etiology: B. The secondary ruminal tympany The secondary ruminal tympany is also called as Free gas tympany/bloat . This may develop when there is failure in eructation of gases of fermentation, which are normally produced, e.g. caused by choke, prolonged recumbency, etc.

16. Prolonged recumbency is a common cause of secondary ruminal tympany

17. Clinical signs There will be distension of the abdomen , particularly at the left flank area. Animal show much distressed and evidences of colic ( pain in abdomen ). There will be difficulty in breathing and animal breath with its open mouth . There may be protrusion out the tongue .

18. Abdominal distension with tympany

19. Abdominal distension with tympany

20. Clinical signs The ruminal motility may be increased initially but later it will be decreased or totally absent . High pitched tympanic sounds (pings) can be auscultated at percussion of rumen. Animal may collapse suddenly and die due to respiratory or cardiac failure. Rupture of rumen can also occur, then leading death within few hours.

21. Death can occur in severe tympany

22. Treatment Emergency treatment In very severe cases, use Trocar & Cannula, to release gases from the rumen. The trocar is inserted in the middle of left flank, after making a small incision in the skin. The gases will be evacuated through the cannula, immediately with a single attempt, in case of secondary ruminal tympany (Free gas bloat), I t may take longer time and many efforts to evacuate gases (in the form of foam) in primary ruminal tympany (Foamy bloat/tympany).

23. Trocar and Cannula

24. Trocar & cannula is used in the middle of the flank

25. The cannula may be left in place till complete recovry

26. Treatment Medicinal treatment It is s used in less severe or mild cases of tympany; i.e. Feed-lot bloat; it can be treated by using; Sodium bicarbonate @ 60-100 /LA, Magnesium sulfate (oxide or hydroxide), @ 200-400 gm /LA or Calcium or Ammonium carbonate @ 50 - 100 gm/LA, PO. Multiple doses of the above medicines can be given at 12 hour interval if no clinical recovery. Pasture bloat; it is treated by using intra-ruminal injection or PO administration of; Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, or Poloxalene (each @ dose rate of 10-20 ml mixed with 100 ml of water). This dose can be repeated at fr equent intervals (5-6 hourly) if needed.

27. Treatment Secondary tympany ; For this use Vegetable oil (e.g. corn , rapeseed , sunflower, linseed or soybean oil) or Mineral oil (liq. Paraffin), @ dose of 200-400 ml/LA, with Turpentine oil @ dose of 20-30 ml/LA, PO. It can be repeated at 8-12 hourly interval if required. A common recipe for tympany for large animals: Turpentine oil ( 15-30 ml), Vegetable oil ( 200-400 ml) Asafetida ( 15-20 gm), and Chloral hydrate ( 30-60 gm – if pain), To be given PO in cases of tympany with colic signs.

28. Control of Tympany/Bloat Feed dry hay or fibrous feed before sending out the animals for grazing on bloat producing pasture, particularly during rainy season . Administration of Vegetable oil (100-200 ml/LA) or antifoaming drug ( Poloxalene ) before sending out for grazing on bloat producing pasture. The incidence of feed-lot bloat can also be reduced by feeding grain mixed with chopped roughages. Feeding of chopped fodder mixed with fibrous fee/grasses to in housed animals during bloat season. Regularity in feeding regimes is recommended to reduce all digestive tract disorders.