Diarrhea disease

this content will be useful for Nursing students

1. DIARRHEA: INTRODUCTION: Diarrhea is derived from Greek word, meaning ‘flowing through’. It is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age. DEFINITION: According to WHO, Diarrhea is defined as ‘passage of 3 or more loose stools per day or passing more stools than normal for the age’.

2. INCIDENCE : Every year there are about 1.5 to 2 billion death of diarrheal diseases occurs . Diarrhea is the second leading cause of child mortality and morbidity in the world . One in 5* children die of diarrhea every year in India. It mostly due to contaminated food and water sources.

3. CLASSIFICATION: 1):

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6. ETIOLOGY: The causes of diarrhea are as follows: Infection Drugs Dietary causes Surgical conditions Miscellaneous causes

7. PHYSIOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES IN DIARRHEA: Diarrhea Metabolic acidosis Loss of normal alkaline secretions & fluids Dehydration Chronic diarrhea Inflammation & edema of mucosal membranes Increased bacterial growth Poor nutritional status Released organic acids Fluid loss & carbohydrate increases

8. CLINICAL FEATURE & ASSESSMENT: Clinical feature of diarrhea depends on its severity: Mild diarrhea (2-5 loose stool) Moderate diarrhea (10 or more loose stool) Severe diarrhea (100 loose stool within 24 hours)

9. SIGNS OF DEHYDRATION MILD DEHYDRATION MODERATE DEHYDRATION SEVERE DEHYDRATION ASK Diarrhea < 4 loose stool/ day 4-10 loose stool/ day >10 loose stool/day Vomiting None or small amount Same Very frequent Thrist More than normal More than normal Unable to drink Urine Normal Small amount dark No urine for 6 hours LOOK Condition Baby is well alert Unwell, sleepy or irritable Very sleepy, unconscious Tears Present Absent Absent Eyes Normal Sunken Very sunken Mouth & tongue Wet Dry Very dry Breathing Normal Faster than normal Very fast & deep FEEL Skin Goes back quickly Goes back slowly Goes back very slowly Pulse Normal Faster than normal Very fast

10. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION: History taking 2. Physical examination 3. Stool examination 4. Stool culture 5. Blood tests

11. MANAGEMENT: Management of infants and young children with diarrhea & dehydration focus on: Replacement of the fluids Administration of prescribed drugs Maintenance of nutritional status Educate the mother regarding prevention of diarrhea

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