Diarrhea ppt

1. Diarrheal Diseases Presented by Dr. Kapil Dhingra

2. Diarrhea Diarrhea is defined as passage of abnormally liquid or unformed stools at an increased frequency. For adults on a typical Western diet, stool weight >200 g/d can generally be considered diarrheal. Diarrhea may be further defined acute if <2 weeks, persistent if 2–4 weeks, chronic if >4 weeks

3. Acute Diarrhea >90% caused by infectious agents. Remaining 10% medications, toxic ingestions, ischemia

4. Infectious Agents feco -oral transmission five high-risk groups Travelers - enterotoxigenic or enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, Campylobacter , Shigella , Giardia Consumers of certain foods - Salmonella , Campylobacter , or Shigella from chicken enterohemorrhagic E. coli (O157:H7) from undercooked hamburger Bacillus cereus from fried rice or other reheated food Staphylococcus aureus or Salmonella from mayonnaise or creams Salmonella from eggs Listeria from uncooked foods or soft cheeses Vibrio species, Salmonella , or acute hepatitis A from seafood, especially if raw.

5. Immunodeficient persons primary immunodeficiency (e.g., IgA deficiency, common variable hypogammaglobulinemia , chronic granulomatous disease) secondary immunodeficiency states (e.g., AIDS, senescence, pharmacologic suppression) Daycare attendees and their family members Institutionalized persons

6. Pathogen Incubation Period Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus 1-8 hr Clostridium perfringens 8-24 hr Vibrio cholerae , enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae , Aeromonas species 8–72 h Enteropathogenic and enteroadherent E. coli, Giardia organisms 1-8 days C. difficile 1–3 d Hemorrhagic E. coli 12–72 h Rotavirus and norovirus 1–3 d Salmonella, Campylobacter , and Aeromonas species, Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Yersinia 12 h–11 d

7. Infectious diarrhea may be associated with systemic manifestations Reiter's syndrome - arthritis, urethritis , and conjunctivitis may accompany or follow infections by Salmonella , Campylobacter , Shigella , and Yersinia . Hemolytic -uremic syndrome - enterohemorrhagic E. coli (O157:H7) and Shigella

8. Other Causes Medications – antibiotics, cardiac antidysrhythmics , antihypertensives , nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antidepressants, chemotherapeutic agents, bronchodilators, antacids, laxatives

9. Ischemic colitis – acute lower abdominal pain preceding watery, then bloody diarrhea ; acute inflammatory changes in the sigmoid or left colon while sparing the rectum Toxins – organophosphate insecticides amanita and other mushrooms; arsenic

10. Approach to the Patient: Acute Diarrhea

11. Most episodes of acute diarrhea are mild and self-limited and do not justify the cost and potential morbidity rate of diagnostic or pharmacologic interventions. Indications for evaluation include profuse diarrhea with dehydration, grossly bloody stools, fever 38.5°C (101°F), duration >48 h without improvement, recent antibiotic use, new community outbreaks, associated severe abdominal pain in patients >50 years, elderly (70 years) immunocompromised patients.

12. Investigations The cornerstone of diagnosis in those suspected of severe acute infectious diarrhea is microbiologic analysis of the stool. Workup includes cultures for bacterial and viral pathogens, direct inspection for ova and parasites immunoassays for certain bacterial toxins ( C. difficile ), viral antigens (rotavirus), and protozoal antigens ( Giardia , E. histolytica ).

13. If stool studies are unrevealing, flexible sigmoidoscopy with biopsies and upper endoscopy with duodenal aspirates and biopsies may be indicated. Structural examination by sigmoidoscopy , colonoscopy, or abdominal CT scanning (or other imaging approaches) may be appropriate in patients with uncharacterized persistent diarrhea to exclude IBD or as an initial approach in patients with suspected noninfectious acute diarrhea caused by ischemic colitis, diverticulitis, or partial bowel obstruction.

14. Treatment: Acute Diarrhea Fluid and electrolyte replacement are of central importance to all forms of acute diarrhea . Profoundly dehydrated patients, especially infants and the elderly, require IV rehydration.

15. WHO ORS Sodium chloride 2.6 gm/ lt Glucose, anhydrous 13.5 gm/ lt Potassium chloride 1.5 gm/ lt Trisodium citrate, dihydrate 2.9 gm/dl

16. Antibiotics Reduce severity and duration of diarrhea . Treat empirically without diagnostic evaluation using a quinolone , such as ciprofloxacin (500 mg bid for 3–5 d). Empirical treatment can also be considered for suspected giardiasis with metronidazole (250 mg qid for 7 d).

17. Antibiotic coverage is indicated, whether or not a causative organism is discovered, in patients who are immunocompromised , have mechanical heart valves or recent vascular grafts, or are elderly.

18. In moderately severe nonfebrile and nonbloody diarrhea , antimotility and antisecretory agents such as loperamide can be useful adjuncts to control symptoms. Such agents should be avoided with febrile dysentery, which may be exacerbated or prolonged by them.

19. Chronic Diarrhea Diarrhea lasting >4 weeks In contrast to acute diarrhea , most of the causes of chronic diarrhea are noninfectious .

20. Causes of chronic diarrhea

21. Secretory Causes due to derangements in fluid and electrolyte transport across the enterocolonic mucosa. characterized clinically by watery, large-volume fecal outputs typically painless persist with fasting

22. Medications antibiotics, cardiac antidysrhythmics , antihypertensives , nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antidepressants, chemotherapeutic agents, bronchodilators, antacids, laxatives Chronic ethanol consumption

23. Bowel Resection, Mucosal Disease, or Enterocolic Fistula inadequate surface for reabsorption of secreted fluids and electrolytes. tends to worsen with eating. With disease (e.g., Crohn's ileitis) or resection of <100 cm of terminal ileum, dihydroxy bile acids may escape absorption and stimulate colonic secretion ( cholorrheic diarrhea ). may contribute to so-called idiopathic secretory diarrhea , in which bile acids are functionally malabsorbed from a normal-appearing terminal ileum.

24. Hormones Metastatic gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors watery diarrhea ,episodic flushing, wheezing, dyspnea , and right-sided valvular heart disease. Diarrhea is due to the release into the circulation of potent intestinal secretagogues serotonin, histamine, prostaglandins, and various kinins . Gastrinoma diarrhea due to fat maldigestion owing to pancreatic enzyme inactivation by low intraduodenal pH

25. VIPoma watery diarrhea hypokalemia achlorhydria syndrome, also called pancreatic cholera , due to a non- cell pancreatic adenoma, referred to as a VIPoma , secretes VIP and a host of other peptide hormones pancreatic polypeptide, secretin , gastrin , gastrin -inhibitory polypeptide , neurotensin , calcitonin , and prostaglandins

26. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid watery diarrhea caused by calcitonin , other secretory peptides, or prostaglandins colorectal villous adenomas

27. Congenital Defects in Ion Absorption defects in specific carriers associated with ion absorption defective Cl – /HCO 3 – exchange ( congenital chloridorrhea ) with alkalosis (which results from a mutated DRA [down-regulated in adenoma] gene) and defective Na + /H + exchange ( congential sodium diarrhea ), which results from a mutation in the NHE3 (sodium-hydrogen exchanger) gene and results in acidosis. hormone deficiencies such as occurs with adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's disease) that may be accompanied by skin hyperpigmentation .

28. Osmotic Causes ingested, poorly absorbable, osmotically active solutes draw enough fluid into the lumen to exceed the reabsorptive capacity of the colon. characteristically ceases with fasting or with discontinuation of the causative agent.

29. Osmotic Laxatives Ingestion of magnesium-containing antacids, health supplements, or laxatives Carbohydrate Malabsorption acquired or congenital defects in brush-border disaccharidases and other enzymes Ex. lactase deficiency sugars, such as sorbitol , lactulose , or fructose, are malabsorbed , and diarrhea ensues with ingestion of medications, gum, or candies sweetened with these poorly or incompletely absorbed sugars

30. Steatorrheal Causes Fat malabsorption greasy, foul-smelling, difficult-to-flush diarrhea often associated with weight loss and nutritional deficiencies due to concomitant malabsorption of amino acids and vitamins Quantitatively, defined as stool fat exceeding the normal 7 g/d

31. Causes of steatorrhea Intraluminal Maldigestion most commonly results from pancreatic exocrine insufficiency Other causes include cystic fibrosis ; pancreatic duct obstruction ; somatostatinoma . Bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine may deconjugate bile acids and alter micelle formation, impairing fat digestion occurs with stasis from a blind-loop, small-bowel diverticulum or dysmotility

32. Mucosal Malabsorption most commonly occurs from celiac disease characterized by villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia proximal small bowel fatty diarrhea associated with multiple nutritional deficiencies Tropical sprue a similar histologic and clinical syndrome occurs in residents of or travelers to tropical climates

33. Whipple's disease , due to the bacillus Tropheryma whipplei histiocytic infiltration of the small-bowel mucosa, typically occurs in young or middle-aged men; frequently associated with arthralgias , fever, lymphadenopathy , and extreme fatigue, and it may affect the CNS and endocardium

34. Postmucosal Lymphatic Obstruction congenital intestinal lymphangiectasia acquired lymphatic obstruction secondary to trauma, tumor , cardiac disease or infection unique constellation of fat malabsorption with enteric losses of protein (often causing edema ) and lymphocytopenia .

35. Inflammatory Causes accompanied by pain, fever, bleeding, or other manifestations of inflammation The unifying feature on stool analysis is the presence of leukocytes or leukocyte-derived proteins such as calprotectin Any middle-aged or older person with chronic inflammatory-type diarrhea , especially with blood, should be carefully evaluated to exclude a colorectal tumor .

36. Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease Crohn's disease ulcerative colitis

37. Distinguishing characteristics of CD and UC UC CD Feature Only colon SB or colon Location Continuous, begins distally Skip lesions Anatomic distribution Involved in >90% Rectal spare Rectal involvement Universal Only 25% Gross bleeding Rare 75% Peri-anal disease No Yes Fistulization No 50-75% Granulomas

38. Endoscopic features of CD and UC UC CD Feature Continuous Discontinuous Mucosal involvement Rare Common Aphthous ulcers Abnormal Relatively normal Surrounding mucosa Rare Common Longitudinal ulcer No In severe cases Cobble stoning Common Uncommon Mucosal friability distorted Normal Vascular pattern

39. Pathologic features of CD and UC UC CD Feature Uncommon Yes Transmural inflammation No 50-75% Granulomas Rare Common Fissures No Common Fibrosis Uncommon Common Submucosal inflammation

40. Radiologic features of CD and UC UC CD Collar button ulcers Nodularity granularity cobble stoning string sign of SB

41. Primary or Secondary Forms of Immunodeficiency Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis Eosinophil infiltration of the mucosa, muscularis , or serosa at any level of the GI tract may cause diarrhea , pain, vomiting, or ascites . atopic history, Charcot-Leyden crystals due to extruded eosinophil contents may be seen on microscopic inspection of stool, and peripheral eosinophilia

42. Dysmotility Causes Hyperthyroidism , carcinoid syndrome , drugs (e.g., prostaglandins, prokinetic agents) Primary visceral neuromyopathies or idiopathic acquired intestinal pseudoobstruction may lead to stasis with secondary bacterial overgrowth causing diarrhea . Diabetic diarrhea , often accompanied by peripheral and generalized autonomic neuropathies, may occur in part because of intestinal dysmotility . The exceedingly common IBS characterized by disturbed intestinal and colonic motor and sensory responses to various stimuli. Symptoms of stool frequency cease at night, alternate with periods of constipation accompanied by abdominal pain relieved with defecation, rarely result in weight loss.

43. Factitial Causes accounts for up to 15% of unexplained diarrheas referred to tertiary care centers Hypotension and hypokalemia are common co-presenting features

44. Approach to the Patient: Chronic Diarrhea

45. L aboratory tools for evaluation: extensive many are costly invasive . C areful history and physical examination of utmost importance

46. History onset duration pattern aggravating (especially diet) and relieving factors stool characteristics Other features fecal incontinence Fever weight loss Pain exposures (travel, medications, contacts with diarrhea ) extraintestinal manifestations (skin changes, arthralgias , oral aphthous ulcers ) F amily history of IBD or sprue

47. Physical findings h emodynamic status thyroid mass, wheezing, heart murmurs, edema , abdominal masses, lymphadenopathy , mucocutaneous abnormalities, perianal fistulas, or anal sphincter laxity

48. Peripheral blood leukocytosis , elevated sedimentation rate, or C-reactive protein suggests inflammation; anemia reflects blood loss or nutritional deficiencies; eosinophilia may occur with parasitoses , neoplasia , collagen-vascular disease, allergy, or eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Blood chemistries may demonstrate electrolyte, hepatic, or other metabolic disturbances. Measuring tissue transglutaminase antibodies may help detect celiac disease.

49. Patients suspected of having IBS should be initially evaluated with flexible sigmoidoscopy with colorectal biopsies

50. For secretory diarrheas medication-related side effects or laxative use should be reconsidered. Microbiologic studies should be done including fecal bacterial cultures inspection for ova and parasites, and Giardia antigen assay (the most sensitive test for giardiasis ). Small-bowel bacterial overgrowth can be excluded by intestinal aspirates with quantitative cultures or with glucose or lactulose breath tests

51. Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy with biopsies and small-bowel barium x-rays are helpful to rule out structural or occult inflammatory disease. When suggested by history or other findings, screens for peptide hormones should be pursued (e.g., serum gastrin , VIP, calcitonin , and thyroid hormone/thyroid-stimulating hormone, or urinary 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, and histamine).

52. osmotic diarrhea should include tests for lactose intolerance and magnesium ingestion, the two most common causes. Low fecal pH suggests carbohydrate malabsorption ; lactose malabsorption can be confirmed by lactose breath testing or by a therapeutic trial with lactose exclusion and observation of the effect of lactose challenge (e.g., a liter of milk).

53. For those with fatty diarrhea , endoscopy with small-bowel biopsy (including aspiration for Giardia and quantitative cultures) should be performed

54. Tests for steatorrhea Quantitative test 72hr stool fat collection – gold standard > 7gm/day – pathologic Qualitative tests Sudan lll stain Detect clinically significant steatorrhea in >90% of cases Acid steatocrit – a gravimetric assay Sensitivity – 100%, specificity – 95% , PPV – 90% NIRA (near infra reflectance analysis) Equally accurate with 72hr stool fat test Allows simultaneous measurement of fecal fat, nitrogen, CHO

55. Chronic inflammatory-type diarrheas should be suspected by the presence of blood or leukocytes in the stool. Such findings warrant stool cultures; inspection for ova and parasites; C. difficile toxin assay; colonoscopy with biopsies.

56. Treatment: Chronic Diarrhea depends on the specific etiology If the cause can be eradicated, treatment is curative as with resection of a colorectal cancer, antibiotic administration for Whipple's disease or tropical sprue , or discontinuation of a drug

57. S uppression of the underlying mechanism elimination of dietary lactose for lactase deficiency or gluten for celiac sprue , use of glucocorticoids or other anti-inflammatory agents for idiopathic IBDs, adsorptive agents such as cholestyramine for ileal bile acid malabsorption , proton pump inhibitors for the gastric hypersecretion of gastrinomas ,

58. somatostatin analogues such as octreotide for malignantcarcinoid syndrome, prostaglandin inhibitors such as indomethacin for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and pancreatic enzyme replacement for pancreatic insufficiency Replacement of fat-soluble vitamins may also be necessary in patients with chronic steatorrhea .

59. Thank you