Difference B/W Broad and Narrow Spectrum, Important Terms

Difference B/W Broad and Narrow Spectrum, Important Terms

1. U-2, 2 OF 2 - Some Important Terms - Difference B/W Broad Spectrum & Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics By: Aftab H. Abbasi RN, DCHN, BSN, MA, LL.B Lecturer Nursing Qadri College of Health Sciences Karachi QADRI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARACHI

2. Some Important Terms 1- Sterilization : Killing or removing all forms of microbial life in a material or an object. Heating is the most commonly used method of sterilization. STERILANT : an agent or method used to remove or kill all microbes. STERILE : free of life of every kind.

3. Some Important Terms 2- Antiseptic:   Defined as antimicrobial substances that are non damaging to living tissue/skin while reducing the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. OR Is a substance that stops or slows down the growth of microorganisms. They're frequently used in hospitals and other medical settings to reduce the risk of infection during surgery and other procedures. 3- Antisepsis: It destruction or inhibition of germ in living tissue to limit or prevent the harmful effect infection.

4. Some Important Terms 4- Asepsis: Is the state of being free from disease-causing micro-organisms. OR Is a condition in which no living disease-causing microorganisms are present. Asepsis  covers all those procedures designed to reduce the risk of bacterial, fungal or viral contamination, using sterile instruments, sterile draping and the gloved 'no touch' technique.

5. Some Important Terms 5- Sepsis: I s the body's extreme response to an  infection . 6- Aseptic: An environment or procedure that is free of contamination by pathogens. 7- Aseptic technique: Is a process or  procedure  used to achieve  asepsis  to prevent the transfer of potentially pathogenic micro-organisms to a susceptible site that may result in the development of infection. 8- Septic : presence of pathogenic microbes in living tissue.

6. Some Important Terms 9- Macrobiotic: A diet (based on the Chinese cosmological principles of yin and yang) that consists of whole cereals and grains supplemented especially with beans and vegetables and that in its especially former more restrictive forms has been linked to nutritional deficiencies.

7. Some Important Terms 10- Microbicide: An agent that kills microscopic organisms (bacteria, fungi, and viruses).

8. Some Important Terms 11- Antibiotic: Any substance that inhibits the growth and replication of a bacterium or kills it outright can be called an  antibiotic . Antibiotics  are a type of antimicrobial designed to target bacterial infections within (or on) the body.

9. Some Important Terms 12- Bacteriostatic : Inhibiting bacterial multiplication. This action is reversible by removal of agent. E.g chloramphenicol antibiotic. 13- Bactericidal : killing bacteria. e.g. Penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics.

10. Some Important Terms 14- Fumigation: Means sterilization by exposure of vapors. O.T is Sterilized by formaldehyde vapors. 15- Isolation: Means separation of an infected person from healthy person to prevent the spread of disease.

11. Some Important Terms 16- Incubation period: The period starts fro the entry pathogenic microbe in body till sign and symptoms appear is called incubation period. 17- Culture media: The media (Petri dish) for cultivation (culturing) of microorganisms for diagnosis and drug sensitivity. 18- Pathogen: Microbes which produce disease.

12. Some Important Terms 19- Phagocytes: Eating cells. E.g WBCs eat microbes. 20- Phagocytosis: Mechanism to eat the cell. 21- Pathology: Branch of medicine treating essential nature of disease specially changes in body tissue or organ, which cause or caused by disease.

13. Some Important Terms 22- Vaccine: Drug containing live or killed organisms for the prevention of infectious disease. 23- Spore: An oval body formed (in bacteria), a rounded resistant form adopted by a bacterial cell in adverse conditions.

14. Some Important Terms 24- Serum:  The clear liquid that can be separated from clotted blood. 25- Plasma: The liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid, which makes up about half of the volume of blood.  Plasma  is devoid ( خالی ) of cells and, unlike serum, has not clotted. Blood  plasma  contains antibodies and other proteins.

15. Some Important Terms 26- Parasite: Organisms live on or within living host at whose expanse it gets some advantages. 27- Parenteral: Means administration of drug or nutrient by injection or infusion. 28- Saprophytes: Organisms, living on dead organic matter such as bacteria and fungi. They are essential for decomposition of dead material in ecosystem.

16. Some Important Terms 29- Communicable disease: Disease that is spread from person to person. 30- Vector: Animal that transfers microbes from source of contamination or infected person to healthy person e.g mosquito, flies, insects. 31- Commensals: Organism living on or within living thing, and driving benefits with out harming and benefiting the host e.g. E.Coli in gut.

17. Some Important Terms 32- Normal flora: Microbes living on or within host with benefiting the host. They are found on skin surface, nose, GIT and gentiles. FUNCTION: Helps in absorption of nutrients. Synthesize vitamin K, B12 and lactic acid. Prevent colonization of pathogenic microbes. Bacteriocin produced inhibit growth of microbes. NOTE: They may cause opportunistic infection

18. Some Important Terms 33- Organelles: Small structures present in cell e.g mitochondria. 34- Unicellular: Organisms composed of single cell. 35- Multicellular: Organisms composed of many cells. 36- Mitosis: Is the division of a cell into two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

19. Some Important Terms 37- Meiosis: Cell division which occurs in germ cells (sperm) From one parent cell 4 daughter cells are formed, each cell contains 23 number of chromosomes. 38- Gamete: Gametes are male sex cells (SPERM) and female sex cells (OVA), having haploid ( a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes.) numbers of chromosomes.

20. Some Important Terms 39- Caryokinesis : Division of a cell nucleus during mitosis . 40- Cytokinesis : This is division of cytoplasm. 41- Immunology : Study of immune system. 42- Immunization : Process of creating immunity by vaccination. 43- Immunity : Means process of recognizing and eliminating foreign antigen.

21. Some Important Terms 44- Antigen : Any substance that causes immune system to produce antibodies against disease. (It may be a foreign substance from the environment such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, pollen or even food (Nutrient) particle.) 45- Antibody : An immunoglobulin, a specialized immune protein, produced due to an antigen into the body, and which possesses the remarkable ability to combine with the very antigen that triggers its production.

22. Some Important Terms 46- Interferons : A re proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites or tumor cells. 47- Infection : Entry of microbe in body and cause disease.

23. Some Important Terms 48- Nosocomial infection : Hospital acquired infection is called nosocomial infection. 49- Bacteremia : Presence of bacteria in blood. 50- Bacteriuria : Presence of bacteria in urine. 51- Septisemia : Invasion of the bloodstream by virulent bacteria.

24. Some Important Terms 52- Pus : Thick yellow semi liquid substance consisting dead WBCs bacterial cell and tissue fluid. 53- Virulence : Power of microbes to produce disease. 54- Bactriophage : Virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea. The term was derived from "bacteria" and the Greek ( phagein ), meaning "to devour کھا جانا "

25. Some Important Terms 55- Anaerobes : Can live without oxygen. 56- Aerobes : Live in the presence of oxygen.

26. Some Important Terms 57- Disinfection : Is the process, which involves the elimination of most pathogenic microorganisms (excluding bacterial spores) on inanimate (not alive) objects. Chemicals used in  disinfection  are called  disinfectants .

27. Some Important Terms 58- Sanitation:   Is another word for cleaning. Removing visible contamination and debris (pieces of rubbish or remains) and dramatically lowering the number of germs on the surface. 59- Sanitization: Cleaning and Disinfection of an area or an item. The  sanitizing  is mostly used in the food preparation areas and refers to eliminating or reducing bacteria by cleaning and disinfecting.

28. Some Important Terms 60- Degerming : Is the physical removal of microorganisms by using such things as soaps or detergents. Any chemical agent that kills microorganisms is known as a germicide. OR Mechanical removal of most microbes in a limited area. Example: Alcohol swab on skin.

29. Some Important Terms 61- Bacteriostatic Agent : An agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria, but does not necessarily kill them. (Suffix stasis: To stop or steady.) 62- Germicide: An agent that kills certain microorganisms. 63- Bactericide: An agent that kills bacteria . Most do not kill endospores .

30. Some Important Terms 64- Viricide : An agent that inactivates viruses . 65- Fungicide: An agent that kills fungi. 66- Sporicide : An agent that kills bacterial endospores of fungal spores.

31. Difference of Broad and Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics Broad-spectrum antibiotics:   Antibiotic  that acts on the two major bacterial groups, Gram-positive and Gram-negative , or any  antibiotic  that acts against a  wide  range of disease-causing bacteria.

32. Difference of Broad and Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics Common examples of broad-spectrum antibiotics include (in humans): Doxycycline Minocycline Aminoglycosides  (except for  streptomycin ) Ampicillin Amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid  ( Augmentin ) Azithromycin Carbapenems  (e.g.  imipenem ) Piperacillin / tazobactam Quinolones  (e.g.  ciprofloxacin ) Tetracycline-class drugs  (except  sarecycline ) Chloramphenicol Ticarcillin Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole  ( Bactrim )

33. Difference of Broad and Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics: Effective against only a limited range of organisms  narrow - spectrum antibiotics  effective only against gram-negative bacteria. Examples of  narrow - spectrum antibiotics  include: Vancomycin , Fidaxomicin and Sarecycline .

34. Difference of Broad and Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics

35. Difference of Broad and Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics Gram - positive bacteria  retain the crystal violet color and stains purple. Gram - negative bacteria  lose crystal violet and  stain  red. the two types of  bacteria  are distinguished by  gram  staining.

36. Difference of Broad and Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics

37. Difference of Broad and Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics

38. Difference of Broad and Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics

39. Difference of Broad and Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics

40. Methods to control Microbial Growth

41. QADRI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARACHI