different culture in plant tissue culture

this slide is all about the different cultures in plant tissue cultures such as seed culture, root culture, cell suspension culture, anther culture etc

1. DIFFERENT CULTURE IN PLANT TISSUE CULTURE By Subhalaxmi swain, S.Bhargavi B.tech ( biotechnology 3 rd year) Institute of Technical Education and Research SOA University Bhubaneshwar 751030

2. contents Definition History Types of culture involved in Plant tissue culture Seed culture Embryo culture Root culture Callus culture Cell suspension culture Protoplast culture Anther culture Application of plant tissue culture

3. Plant Tissue Culture Plant tissue culture is a technique of growing a complete plant invitro from a part of a plant such as leaf, root, shoot, stem etc. Plant tissue culture is mainly based on totipotency. Totipotency is the capacity of plants to regenerate a complete plant from any part of plant.

4. HISTORY OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau- 250 years ago demonstrated callus formation from the decorticated region of Elm plants. Gottlieb Haberlandt (1902) was regarded as father of plant tissue culture as he first developed the concept of in vitro cell culture. Hanning (1904) carried out the first embryo culture. Laibach (1925) utilized Hanning embryo culture technique to recover a hybrid progeny from an interspecific cross in Linum. Skoog and Miller (1955) discovered Kinetin as cell division method. Cocking (1960) using cell wall degrading enzymes he produced large quantities of protoplast. Maheshwari and Guha (1964) were the first to produce haploid plants from pollen grains.

5. Lobban and Kaiacr (1970) discovered the reverse transcriptase. Takebe et al. (1971) regenerated the first plant from protoplast. Carlson and coworkers (1972) produced the first somatic hybrid plant by fusing the protoplast of Nicotiana glauca and N. langsdorfii. Zaenen et al. ,larebeke et al. (1974) discovered the Ti plasmid by the help of the principle of Agrobacterium. O`Farrel (1975) discovered the high resolution two dimensional gel electrophoresis procedure. Jeffreys (1986) discovered the genetic fingerprinting technology for identification of individuals by analysing the polymorphism at DNA sequence level. Blattner et al. (1997) did the sequencing of E.coli genome. Goff et al. (2002) discovered the draft sequence of Rice genome.

6. TYPES OF CULTURE INVOLVED IN PLANT TISSUE CULTURE Seed culture Embryo culture Root culture Callus culture Cell suspension culture Protoplast culture Anther culture

7. SEED CULTURE Seed culture is a technique in which a complete plant or a seedling can be generated in vitro by taking the seed as explant. This technique is primary used for orchid plants as the seed of these plants do not germinate well in in vivo conditions. Orchids live in a symbiotic relationship with the fungus from the moment of germination. It has been reported that orchids can be grown independent of fungus in vitro by substituting the fungus with nutrient medium.

8. Embryo culture Embryo culture is a technique in which isolation and development of mature or immature embryos in vitro to produce a complete plant. There are two type of embryo culture Mature embryo culture Immature embryo culture Embryo culture is being routinely used in crop improvement programs to obtain interspecific hybrids.

9. Root culture Root culture is the culture of apical or lateral root tips to produce in vitro root system. Root tip cultures are maintained in an agitated liquid medium with appropriate auxin. These are mainly based with the inoculation of Argobacterium rhizogenes to produce secondary metabolites.

10. Callus culture Callus culture is a technique through which a complete plant is formed from undifferentiated mass of cells under aseptic conditions or nutrient media. Callus culture are slow growth plant culture system in a static media which enables to conduct several studies related to many aspects of plant like growth, differentiation and metabolism.

11. Cell Suspension culture Cell suspension culture consists of cell aggregates dispersed and growing in liquid media. It is initiated by transferring callus to a liquid media and agitating it with a suitable device. Cell suspension culture is of three types Batch culture Continuous culture Semi continuous culture

12. Batch culture- In this type of cell suspension culture the cells grow and increase their biomass in fixed volume of nutrient culture media. Continuous culture- In this culture type there is regular addition of fresh nutrient media and drainage out of the used media. The final volume of the nutrient media remains constant. Semi continuous Culture- In this culture the inflow of the fresh media controlled by “drain and refill process”. The cell density is maintained within the fixed limits by the replacement of harvested culture.

13. Protoplast culture The term protoplast stands for a cell without cell wall. The fusion of protoplast of two different cells by spontaneous or induced methods is called protoplast culture. Protoplast fusion technique can be used as a method to overcome the barriers of incompatibility and used for the genetic manipulation of plant cell.

14. Anther culture Anther culture is a process through which a complete plant is developed from the androgenic part of the plant. It is also called as haploid culture as it is formed from haploid and are converted to diploids by endoreduplication. Through the anther culture the homozygous lines are maintained in the quickest possible way as compared to the pure lines obtained by conventional plant breeding program.

15. Application of Plant Tissue Culture Disease resistant plants are formed by introducing resistance genes into the haploids and then doing endoreduplication. Production of secondary metabolites Production of hybrids between taxonomically distant plant species beyond the limits of sexual cross ability by protoplast culture. Used for the study of osmotic behaviour, cell wall formation and gene transfer. Huge number of plants can be formed from a single cell thus helps in the increase of the biomass.

16. Reference Introduction to plant tissue culture, H.S. Chawla, page no 33-47, 70-122 Biotechnology , Dr. U. Satyanarayana, page no 497-538. Biotechnology Expanding Horizons , B.D, Singh, page no 327-337. Biotechnology and Genomics, P.K. Gupta, page no 377-400 Internet source