Different methods of Locomotion in Protozoa.pptx

diffeterent locomotory processes in phylum protozoa is discussed.

1. LOCOMOTION IN PROTOZOA Made and Presented by :- Prakriti Mishra M.Sc. Previous

2. General Characteristics The term Protozoa is derived from the Greek words Protos + Zoan which means the First Animals. The term Protozoa was given by Goldfuss (1817) Protozoa was first studied by Leeuwenhoek . Protozoa are considered unicellular according to the Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann. Protozoa are considered Acellular or non cellular according to Dobell The study of Protozoa is know as Protozoologyy

3. Kingdom: Protista.
A protozoan body consists of only mass of protoplasm, so they are called acellular or non-cellular animals.
Habitat: mostly aquatic, either free living or parasitic or commensal
Grade of organization: protoplasmic grade of organization. Single cell performs all the vital activities thus the single cell acts like a whole body. Body of protozoa is either naked or covered by a pellicle.

4. Locomotion in Protozoa Locomotor Organelles in Protozoa include Pseudopodia Flagella Cilia Pellicular Contractile Structures

5. Pseudopodia Pseudopodia are false feet of some Sarcodina protozoans such as Amoeba. Pseudopodia are a temporary structure form by streaming of cytoplasm. It is comprised of ectoplasm and endoplasm both. Pseudopodia are four types based on form and structure:- Lobopodia :- These are lobe like pseudopodia with broad and rounded ends, as in Amoeba. These are composed of both ectoplasm and endoplasm. Lobopodia move by pressure flow mechanism.

6. 2. Filopodia :- Pseudopodia with the filamentous structure are called filopodia , these are usually tapering at the base and pointed at the tip. Filopodia are composed of only ectoplasm. Ex :- Euglypha . 3. Reticulopodia :- It is also filamentous, which form branches, and branches of filaments are inter-connected profusely to form a network-like structure hence, also known as rhizopodia . Example- Globigerina.

7. 4. Axopodia :- These are some-how straight, and each axopodium has a central axial rod covered by adhesive and granular adhesive cytoplasm. Example- Actinosphaerium .

8. Flagella Flagella are the locomotory organ of flagellate protozoans, such as Trypanosoma , Euglena. Flagella are thread-like out projection on the body covering. Flagella of eukaryotic cells are microtubular in structure. Microtubules are arranged in 9+2 arrangement in flagella 9+0 arrangement at basal body or origin point of flagella.

9. Cilia Cilia are resembling with flagella in the basic structure This resemblance is seen in microtubules which have 9+2 arrangement cilia and 9+0 arrangement at the basal body or origin point, but cilia are small in structure. Movement takes place by beating of cilia Energy for beating derive from mitochondrial ATP

10. Pelicular contractile structure Some protozoans have the contractile structure in pellicle or ectoplasm or myonemes These may be in the form of ridges and grooves e g Euglena,or contractile myofibrils.

11. Methods of Locomotion Amoeboid Movement :- It takes place with the help of finger-like pseudopodia which arise from the cytoplasm of the organism from any part of the body and may be withdrawn. It consists the formation of pseudopodia by the Streaming flow of Cytoplasm in the direction of movement. Locomotion by pseudopodia is possible only over a surface. The most convincing theory at present is that it depends on the Active contraction of the ectoplasmic tube ( plasmagel ) at the posterior end of the body. This leads the endoplasm ( plasmasol ) to flow forward into the expanding pseudopodium. This involves continuous solation at the posterior end and gelation at the anterior end. This is called the Sol gel theory or Change of Viscosity theory by Mast and Pantin .

12. Flagellar Movement:- This sort of movement is the characteristic of mastigophora or flagellated protozoans, e.g., Euglena Flagellar movement is produced by continuous beating (i.e., lashing movement) of long, elastic flagella Sideways Lashing Movement ,:- Ulehla and Krijsman (1925) the flagellum beats in a side-ways lash, which consists of an effective down stroke or bending and a relaxed recovery stroke or straightening. Undulating Movement :- The flagellum shows wave-like undulations. When such undulations move from tip to base of the flagellum, the animal moves forward and when they pass from base to tip, the animal move backward Energy utilised for the process is supplied by ATP.

13. Ciliary Movement:- Ciliary movement takes place in ciliates (e.g. Paramecium) and the larvae of Suctoria . The movements of cilia are like that of flagella, having an effective down strokes and a recovery strokes. Unlike flagellum, the cilium bends in its full length. The movements of cilia create a current of water in the same direction in which cilia move. But the organism move in opposite direction. All the cilia of a transverse row move simultaneously (at one time), while the cilia of a longitudinal row do not beat at one time, but one after another ( metachronously ), producing a wave from front-backward.

14. Metabolic Movements This is typical of certain flagellates and most sporozoans at certain stages of their life cycle. Such organisms show gliding movements or wriggling and peristaltic movements. Movements of this kind are usually referred to as Gregarine Movement as these are characteristically exhibited by most Gregarines.

15. Bibliography R.L. Kotpal Textbook of Zoology :- Invertebrates Slideshare.com Zoology.notes.com Wikipidea

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