DIFFRERENT TYPES OF HYDROLOGICAL MODELS.pptx

different hydrological modelling

1. DIFFRERENT TYPES OF HYDROLOGICAL MODELS Presenter Name

2. Agenda SWAT VIC MIKE SHE Input/ Outputs Case study Presentation Title Presentation title 2

3. SWAT Model The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a small watershed to river basin-scale model developed by the United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Services (USDA – ARS). It is designed to predict the impact of land use and management on water, sediment, and agricultural chemical yields in ungauged watersheds. Presentation title 3

4. The model breaks the entire catchment in to sub catchments which are further divided into hydrologic response units (HRU), land use, vegetation and soil characteristics. HRUs are used in most SWAT runs since they simplify a run by lumping all similar soil and land use areas into a single response unit . It is semi distributed , physically and process based and data driven river basin model. It is a continuous time model that operates on a daily time step . It is computationally efficient, and capable of continuous simulation over long time periods . Presentation title 4

5. Applications SWAT model is used to run hydrological models to get water balance ratios like: stream flow-precipitation ratio, base flow-total flow ratio, ET-precipitation ratio etc. It provides maximum upland sediment yield. (MUSLE equation)-Modified Universal Soil Loss. SWAT model also deals with nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, plant growth, landscape nutrient losses. Quantifying the impacts from land use changes on the runoff and modelling the long term impact of management practices Presentation title 5

6. Data Requirement The inputs, used by this model, are – Daily rainfall data, Maximum and minimum air temperature, Solar radiation, Relative air humidity and Wind speed used Using that data, it is able to describe water and sediment circulation, vegetation growth and nutrients circulation. Presentation title 6

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9. Evaluation of SWAT models performance to simulate streamflow spatial origin. The case of a small forested watershed…………………. Raghavan Srinivasan (2015) The study area, Aixola watershed , is located in the central part of the Basque Country and is comprised of two main streams, Elgeta and Txulo . Precipitation, air temperature, and discharge are measured at the gauging station, and specific electrical conductivity (EC) measurements were used to estimate water contributions from the sub-watersheds . The SWAT model divides the watershed into multiple sub-basins and Hydrological Response Units (HRUs) with relatively homogeneous land use, slope, and soil properties. The model uses various input data, including topography, land use, soils, and meteorology, to simulate the hydrological and environmental processes in the watershed. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated using EC data, and the results showed that SWAT performed well in simulating the spatial distribution of streamflow and the surface runoff/baseflow composition. The research underscores the need for field data to calibrate models for small watersheds to achieve realistic simulations of hydrological processes. The use of EC data and detailed soil information enhanced the SWAT model's ability to accurately simulate streamflow in the Aixola watershed. 9

10. VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) Model The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model is a physically-based, semi-distributed hydrological model used to simulate the water and energy balance of large river basins. It is particularly well-suited for studies involving land surface processes , climate variability, and water resources management. Presentation title 10

11. Key Components of VIC Land Surface Representation Grid-based Structure: VIC operates on a grid , with each grid cell representing a portion of the watershed. Each grid cell can have multiple land cover types. Sub-grid Variability: Accounts for variability in soil properties, vegetation, and topography within each grid cell. 2. Soil Moisture Accounting Variable Infiltration Capacity: Infiltration is modelled as a nonlinear function of soil moisture, allowing for variable infiltration rates across the landscape. Soil Layers: Typically includes multiple soil layers (e.g., topsoil, root zone, and deep layer) to represent soil moisture dynamics and root water uptake. Presentation title 11

12. 3. Runoff Generation Surface Runoff: Generated when precipitation exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil. Subsurface Runoff: Generated from the movement of water through the soil profile, contributing to baseflow in rivers. 4 . Evapotranspiration Penman-Monteith Equation: Used to calculate potential evapotranspiration based on meteorological data. Vegetation Influence: Incorporates the effects of different vegetation types on transpiration and canopy interception. 5 . Energy Balance Radiation Balance: Calculates net radiation at the land surface based on incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation. Heat Fluxes: Simulates sensible and latent heat fluxes, soil heat flux, and ground heat storage. Presentation title 12

13. 6. Routing Model Flow Routing : Uses a separate routing model (e.g., RVIC) to simulate the movement of water through the river network, connecting grid cells and producing streamflow at the basin outlet. Presentation title 13

14. Model Structure 1. Inputs Meteorological Data : Daily or sub-daily inputs of precipitation, temperature, wind speed, and sometimes solar radiation and humidity. Soil and Vegetation Data : Information on soil properties (e.g., texture, depth), vegetation types, and land cover. Topographic Data : Digital elevation model (DEM) for delineating watershed boundaries and calculating slope. 2. Processes Precipitation Partitioning : Divides incoming precipitation into infiltration, surface runoff, and canopy interception. Soil Moisture Dynamics : Tracks the movement of water through soil layers, accounting for root uptake and percolation. Runoff Routing : Models the flow of water through the landscape to the river network. Presentation title 14

15. 3. Outputs Streamflow : Simulated flow at various points in the river network. Soil Moisture : Spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture. Evapotranspiration : Rates of evapotranspiration for different land cover types. Energy Fluxes : Components of the surface energy balance. Presentation title 15

16. Coupling a glacier melt model to the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model for hydrological modeling in north-western China …………………… ( Qiudong Zhao-2012) The study integrates an energy-balance ice-melt model within the VIC macroscale hydrological model to analyze the hydrological processes in the Aksu River basin in north-western China . Glaciers and seasonal snowpack play a crucial role in the hydrological cycle of north-western China, and their impact on runoff generation is significant, especially in the context of climate change. The study emphasizes the importance of accurately simulating the melt processes of snow and ice, and the necessity of using physically-based methods to model ablation and frozen soil processes in land-surface hydrology in cold regions. The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model is effective for large-scale applications, and the study demonstrates the importance of incorporating a glacier energy and mass-balance algorithm into the VIC model to improve model performance in cold mountain catchments. The study provides valuable insights into the impact of climate change on hydrological processes and the importance of accurately representing glacier hydrology in hydrological models for improving predictions of runoff generation. Presentation title 16

17. MIKE SHE MIKE SHE is an integrated hydrological modeling system developed by DHI (Danish Hydraulic Institute) . It is designed to simulate the entire land phase of the hydrological cycle, including surface water, groundwater, and the interactions between them. MIKE SHE is widely used for water resource management, environmental impact assessment, and flood forecasting due to its comprehensive and flexible framework. Presentation title 17

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19. Key Components of MIKE SHE 1. Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Precipitation: Input as time-series data from observed stations or climate models. Evapotranspiration: Modelled using different methods (e.g., Penman-Monteith, Kristensen and Jensen, or empirical approaches). 2. Surface Water Flow Overland Flow: Simulated using the finite difference solution of the Saint Venant equations for overland flow. River Flow: Simulated using MIKE 11, which is fully integrated with MIKE SHE for one-dimensional river hydraulics. 3. Groundwater Flow 3D Groundwater Flow : Modeled using the finite difference solution of the groundwater flow equation, allowing for detailed representation of aquifer characteristics. Aquifer Interactions : Includes interactions between multiple aquifers and between groundwater and surface water. Presentation title 19

20. Presentation title 20 4. Soil Water Movement Infiltration and Unsaturated Zone : Modeled using the Richards equation for unsaturated flow or simpler bucket-type models. Root Zone : Detailed modeling of water uptake by plants based on root distribution and soil moisture. 5. Channel Flow and Routing MIKE Integration : Integrates one-dimensional river network simulation with MIKE SHE’s two-dimensional overland flow and three-dimensional groundwater flow. Hydraulic Structures : Models the impact of structures like dams, weirs, and sluices on flow. 6. Water Quality Modelling Advection-Dispersion : Models transport and fate of contaminants in surface and groundwater. Biogeochemical Processes : Simulates nutrient cycling, pesticide degradation, and other biochemical interactions.

21. Model Structure 1. Inputs Meteorological Data : Precipitation, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. Hydrological Data : Streamflow, groundwater levels, soil moisture. Topographic Data : Digital elevation models (DEMs) for terrain representation. Land Use and Soil Data : Maps and characteristics of soil types and land use. 2. Processes Precipitation Partitioning : Divides precipitation into infiltration, overland flow, and canopy interception. Soil Moisture Dynamics : Models the movement of water within the soil profile, considering root uptake and percolation. Runoff Generation : Simulates surface and subsurface runoff contributing to river flow. Presentation title 21

22. 3. Outputs Hydrographs : Streamflow at various points within the basin. Groundwater Levels : Spatial distribution of groundwater table. Soil Moisture : Temporal and spatial variation in soil moisture content. Water Quality Parameters : Concentrations of pollutants and nutrients in surface and groundwater. Presentation title 22

23. MODELING OF SUBSURFACE TILE DRAINAGE USING MIKE SHE ….. X. Zhou(2014) Study Objective: The study aimed to calibrate and validate the MIKE SHE model for simulating subsurface tile drainage flow in central Iowa and to evaluate the impact of management strategies on tile flow. Model Calibration and Validation: The MIKE SHE model was calibrated and validated using daily drainage data from a 15.2 × 38 m row-cropped plot during 2006-2009. The model showed satisfactory performance with Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients of 0.78 and 0.73 for calibration and validation periods, respectively. Management Strategies: The study simulated the impact of converting row-crops to pasture and adopting shallow drainage. Both strategies showed potential for reducing subsurface drainage and associated pollutant loss while maintaining crop productivity. Environmental Implications: The research emphasized the role of artificial subsurface drainage systems in reducing surface runoff and pollutants but also in potentially contributing to flood generation and pollutant transport, highlighting the need for better understanding of subsurface drainage in flood behavior. Presentation title 23

24. Primary goals ANNUAL REVENUE GROWTH

25. Quarterly performance Presentation title 25

26. Areas of growth Time period B2B Supply chain ROI E-commerce Q1 4.5 2.3 1.7 5.0 Q2 3.2 5.1 4.4 3.0 Q3 2.1 1.7 2.5 2.8 Q4 4.5 2.2 1.7 70 Presentation title 26

27. “Business opportunities are like buses. There’s always another one coming.” Richard Branson Presentation title 27 The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a robust, physically based, continuous-time hydrological model developed to simulate the quality and quantity of surface and ground water and predict the environmental impact of land use, land management practices, and climate change.

28. Meet our team Takuma Hayashi President Mirjam Nilsson Chief Executive Officer Flora Berggren Chief Operations Officer Rajesh Santoshi VP Marketing Presentation title 28

29. Meet our extended team Presentation title Takuma Hayashi President Mirjam Nilsson Chief Executive Officer Flora Berggren Chief Operations Officer Rajesh Santoshi VP Marketing Graham Barne s VP Product Rowan Murphy SEO Strategist Elizabeth Moore Product Designer Robin Kline Content Developer 29

30. Plan for product launch Planning Synergize scalable e-commerce Marketing Disseminate standardized metrics Design Coordinate e-business applications Strategy Foster holistically superior methodologies Launch Deploy strategic networks with compelling e-business needs Presentation title 30

31. Plan for product launch  Planning Synergize scalable e-commerce Marketing Disseminate standardized metrics Design Coordinate e-business applications Strategy Foster holistically superior methodologies Launch Deploy strategic networks with compelling e-business needs Presentation title 31

32. Timeline Sep 20XX Synergize scalable e-commerce Nov 20XX Disseminate standardized metrics Jan 20XX Coordinate e-business applications Mar 20XX Foster holistically superior methodologies May 20XX Deploy strategy networks with compelling e-business needs Presentation title 32

33. Areas of focus B2B market scenarios Develop winning strategies to keep ahead of the competition Capitalize on low-hanging fruit to identify a ballpark value Visualize customer directed convergence Cloud-based opportunities Iterative approaches to corporate strategy Establish a management framework from the inside 33

34. How we get there ROI Envision multimedia-based expertise and cross-media growth strategies Visualize quality intellectual capital Engage worldwide methodologies with web-enabled technologies Niche markets Pursue scalable customer service through sustainable strategies Engage top-line web services with cutting-edge deliverables Supply chains Cultivate one-to-one customer service with robust ideas Maximize timely deliverables for real-time schemas 34

35. Summary At Contoso, we believe in giving 110%. By using our next-generation data architecture, we help organizations virtually manage agile workflows. We thrive because of our market knowledge and great team behind our product. As our CEO says, “Efficiencies will come from proactively transforming how we do business.” Presentation title 35

36. Thank you Mirjam Nilsson [email protected] www.contoso.com