Diffusion of agriculture innovation Notes.pdf

Presentation on diffusion of agriculture innovation

1. AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY – UNIT 2
Textbook – Chapter 11

2. Agriculture
•The purposeful tending of crops and raising of
livestock in order to produce food and fiber.

3. Hunting and Gathering
•Before agriculture humans were nomadic hunters
and gatherers
•Unable to stay in any one place for a long period
•Had to be constantly moving to the next food source

4. According to Carl Sauer the leap from
hunting and gathering evolved over
thousands of years, in various places, as
humans constantly touched and handled
plants when gathering food.

Vegetative Agriculture: Saur believes that
humans first learned how to grow plants
by simply cutting off a stem and planting it
or dividing up the roots of a plant.

The Origins of Agriculture

6. Seed Agriculture is farming through planting seeds
rather than simply planting a part of the parent plant

Leads to higher crop yields

The use of seed agriculture would kick off the First
Agricultural Revolution


Seed Agriculture

10. The First Agricultural Revolution
•Occurred over 12,000 years ago

•Also called the Neolithic revolution

•The growth of seed crops like wheat and rice and the
use of animals such as goats and sheep, replaced
hunting and gathering.

•Humans could now stay in one place, grow their
populations and build communities – It is the birth of
civilization.
12,000 years

11. •Occurred between 14,000 and 8,000 years ago.

•The first use of both domesticated plants and animals happened
in the fertile crescent of Southwest Asia

•Benefits = source of meat, source of milk, waste fertilized crops and pulled plows.

•Only 40 of the worlds animal species have been successfully domesticated
Animal Domestication

12. First Agricultural Revolution

13. Relating to cultivated land or the cultivation of
land.
Agrarian

14. Land used or suitable for growing crops.
Arable

15. A staple food is one that is eaten regularly and in
such quantities as to constitute the dominant part
of the diet and supply a major proportion of
energy and nutrient needs.

Staple Grains

16. A crop that is a root vegetable or other root. Edible
portion is grown underground.

Root Crops

18. Diffusion
To Southwest Asia
Agricultural Hearths and Diffusion

Hearth
Western India

Major Crops
Wheat and Barley

19. Western India

20. Diffusion Route
To Europe
North Africa
And
Northwestern India
Agricultural Hearths and Diffusion

Hearth
Southwest Asia
(Fertile Crescent)

Major Crops
Integrated domesticated
animals and plants

21. Southwest Asia

22. Diffusion
To South Asia
and
Southeast Asia
Agricultural Hearths and Diffusion

Hearth
Northern China

Major Crops
Millet

23. Northern China

24. Diffusion
Remained isolated in Ethiopia
Agricultural Hearths and Diffusion

Hearth
Ethiopia

Major Crops
Teff

25. Ethiopia

26. Diffusion
Throughout Western Hemisphere
Agricultural Hearths and Diffusion

Hearth
Southern Mexico

Major Crops
Squash and Corn

27. Southern Mexico

28. Diffusion
Throughout Western Hemisphere
Agricultural Hearths and Diffusion

Hearth
Northern Peru

Major Crops
Squash, Cotton and Beans

29. Northern Peru

30. Agricultural Hearths

31. Subsistence Agriculture
•Farmer grows enough food to feed him/herself and
family.
•Low-tech, labor intensive.
•Any excess sold in local markets – low profit.

32. THREE TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE FARMING
Shifting
Cultivation

33. Farmers rotate the fields they cultivate to allow the soil to replenish its nutrients,
rather than farming the same plot over and over again

Not crop rotation – where farmer changes crop type on same plot of land

Shifting cultivation most common in tropical zones with a thin layer of topsoil
- Rainforest regions of Africa, the Amazon in South America and areas
throughout Southeast Asia

Shifting Cultivation

34. Slash and Burn Agriculture: Land is
cleared by cutting down the existing
plants on the land and then burning the
rest.

Common in tropical areas

Intertillage: Farmer mixes various seeds
on the same plot of land. Reduces risk of
crop failure and provides more balanced
diet
Main type of Shifting Cultivation is Slash and Burn

Swidden: A cleared plot of new farm
land

35. Temporary field: an agricultural field that is made
by clearing forest and then farmed for only a few
seasons before being abandoned, especially in
Central America and Mexico

Milpa

36. Farmers cultivate a small plot of land, very efficiently, to produce food for their
families.

Found in regions that are highly populated – land is relatively scarce.

Widespread through India, China and Southeast Asia

Rice is the primary intensive subsistence agricultural crop



Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

44. The breeding and herding of animals to produce food, shelter, and clothing for
survival

May be sedentary or nomadic

Practiced in areas without much arable (farmable) land. Arid regions such as:
North, Central and Southern Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia
Pastoralism

48. Open Lot System: Before 500 CE farming
took place in one large community plot
that a village shared.
Enclosure Movement: After 500 CE
individual farmers own their own plots.
Shift in Agriculture – After the fall of
Rome (around 500 CE)

49. Agricultural Villages
A. Linear Village

B. Cluster Village
(nucleated)

C. Round Village
(rundling)

D. Walled Village

E. Grid Village

50. A settlement clustered around a central point, such as a village green or
church.
nucleation is fostered by defense considerations
localized water supply, the incidence of flooding
farmers can easily get to their smaller, productive fields while
continuing to live in the village.


.
Nucleated Village

51. Cadastral System or Land Survey
System
System to determine the extent, value, and ownership of
land within a district for taxation. The word comes from
the Latin word cadastre referring to a registry of lands.

Major Cadastral (land survey) Systems used in US.
• Rectangular Survey System
• Metes and Bounds Survey • Longlot Survey System

52. A land survey system using natural features (streams, rocks, trees, etc.) to trace
and define boundaries between parcels of land.

Used in Eastern United States – primarily during the colonial era.
Metes and Bound System

53. A survey system that creates a long, narrow plot of land that extends back from
a river or road. The lots are typically 10 times longer than they are wide.

Limited use in United States – Was used in areas colonized by the French and
Spanish.
French – Mississippi Valley, Detroit, Louisiana
Spanish – Rio Grande valley of New Mexico and Texas.
Long Lot System

55. Also known as Township and Range
System

A more systematic approach used
after US becomes independent

Divided land into six mile squares
called townships. The townships
were than sub- divided into one mile
squares.

Created the square block patterns
seen in county road systems, city
streets and layout of farms and
fields

Used throughout the Midwest and
Western States (everywhere
except
east coast)
Rectangular Survey
System

56. Township and Range –
The cultural landscape of Garden City, Iowa reflects the
Township and Range system. Townships are 6x6 miles and
section lines are every 1 mile.

58. The Second Agricultural Revolution
•Coincided with the Industrial Revolution in the 17
th

and 18
th
centuries.
•Massive migration to industrial cities caused huge
jump in demand for food

•New farming technology was invented – new
fertilizers, irrigation systems, storage systems

•More Food = More People

59. Commercial farmers produce crops to sell in the marketplace

Types of commercial farming
Mixed crop and Livestock farming
Ranching
Dairying
Large-scale grain production
Plantation
Commercial Farming

60. Growing both crops and
raising animals

Most of the crops are
used to feed the livestock

Most income comes from
selling animal products

Mixed farming exists
widely in Europe and
north America – usually
near large urban areas
where land is not
available for more
extensive farming

Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

61. Commercial grazing –
raising animals on a
plot of land on which
they graze

Requires extensive
land

Practiced in Western
US, Argentina,
Southern Brazil,
and Uruguay
Ranching

62. Production of milk-
based products for the
Marketplace

Milkshed - Zone
around a city center
which milk can be
produced and shipped
to the marketplace
without spoiling

Dairying

63. Grains are grown to be
exported to other places for
consumption

Wheat is most common large
scale crop

Most common in US, Canada,
Argentina, Australia,
France, England and Ukraine

Dominated by US and Canada
– Growing more than
half the world’s wheat
Large-Scale Grain Production

64. Plantation or estate
that specializes in one
or two high demand
crops for export

Common in tropical
and subtropical zones

Introduced by
European colonizers

Common crops –
coffee, tea, pineapples,
palms, coconuts,
tobacco, sugarcane
and cotton

Plantation Farming

66. A method of farming in which as much use is made
of the land as possible by growing crops close
together, growing several crops in a year or using
large amounts of fertilizer. The goal is to get the
most yield possible per acre.

Intensive Agriculture

67. Double cropping is a sustainable practice in which more
than one crop is grown and harvested at the same time, on
the same ground.
Double cropping helps to naturally control pests, weeds and
diseases while encouraging healthy soil.
Double cropping

68. An agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labor,
fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed.

Extensive farming most commonly refers to sheep and cattle
farming in areas with low agricultural productivity, but can also
refer to large-scale growing of wheat, barley and other grain
crops

Extensive Agriculture

69. Capital Intensive Farms: Uses a
lot of machinery in the farming
process
Labor-intensive Farms: Uses
mainly human labor in the farming
process.

70. Model explains
and predicts
where and
why different
agricultural
activities
would take
place
around a city’s
market place


Von Thunen’s Agricultural Location Theory

71. Model Basics – A central marketplace is surrounded
by agricultural activity zones that are in concentric
rings.

Each ring represents a different type of agricultural
land use.




Von Thunen’s Agricultural Location Theory

72. Center = CBD (marketplace)

Ring 1 = Horticulture and dairying

Ring 2 = Forestry

Rings 3 = Grains and Field Crops

Ring 4 = Ranching and Livestock

Outside of 4 = Wilderness



Von Thunen’s Agricultural Location Theory

73. Market Gardening: A relatively
small-scale production of fruits,
vegetables and flowers as cash
crops, frequently sold directly to
consumers and restaurants.

74. BIG IDEA - Moving outward from the
center farming activities change from
intensive to more extensive





Von Thunen’s Agricultural Location Theory

75. Bid-Rent Curve
•Predicts and explains real estate prices in an
urban area

•Land in CBD has the highest accessibility and visibility and will have the highest rent prices

•Land decreases in value moving away from the CBD

76. Bid-Rent Curve

77. Von Thunen’s Agricultural Location Theory

•WHY?
• Land closest to city’s marketplace is more expensive
•The more extensive the farming the more land
needed the more expensive it would be to locate
close to the market
•
Dairy does not need as much land and needs to be closer so product can be delivered before spoilage

78. The Third Agricultural
Revolution
•
Began in the late 1800’s

•Was the globalization of
industrialized farming

•Globalizes the use of
•Mechanized Farming
•Chemical Pesticides
•Chemical Fertilizers
•Mechanical Irrigation

79. Industrialization of Farming
•Commercial farmers harvest crops and ship them
to be processed, packaged, and distributed.

80. Agribusiness
A term used in agriculture for the various businesses
involved in food production, including farming, seed supply,
agrichemicals, farm machinery, wholesale and distribution,
processing, marketing and retail sales

81. .

A crop produced for its commercial value rather
than for use by the grower.
Cash Crops

82. Specialized crops typically not essential to human survival.

Historically grown on plantations by European colonial powers

Examples: tea, coffee, tobacco and cocoa.

Luxury Crops

83. Factory Farm
a farm in which animals are bred and fattened
using modern industrial methods.

84. An area or building where livestock are fed and
fattened up.

Feedlot

91. The Meatrix
•Watch the video – take note of the major
issues/problems of factory farming.

•Choose 3 of those major issues.

•Go to themeatrix.com or similar source of
information.

•In your notebook write a one page essay on the
three major issues of factory farming.

92. The cultivation of a single crop in a given area.

MonoCulture

93. The process by which
fertile land becomes
desert, typically as a
result of drought,
deforestation, or
inappropriate
agriculture.

Deserttification

94. "

An urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or
good-quality fresh food.

Many poor people live in food deserts—where they have
plenty of food but none of it healthy.
Food Desert

96. The application of scientific techniques to modify
and improve plants and animals to enhance their
value. Examples: GMO’s and Cloning
Biotechnology

97. The invention and rapid diffusion of new agricultural techniques during
the 1970’s and 1980’s.

Began as agricultural experiments funded by US charities to improve
Mexico’s wheat grain production and reduce hunger in developing
countries

Introduced new higher yield seeds and expanded the use of fertilizers
and pesticides.

The so called “miracle seeds” increased agricultural production faster
than population growth.


Green Revolution

98. What are the problems and issues?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=0xvyRd-uVqM

1.Heavy reliance on fossil fuels
2.Farmers in developing countries cannot afford seeds, fertilizers, pesticides
and machinery.
3.Modern farming techniques may destroy the environment – for example
increasing soil erosion.
4.Technology is controlled by Agribusiness – motive is profit not necessarily
to increase food production for those that need it the most.



Green Revolution

99. The Next Revolution?

100. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6GimGZz6a8&feature=player_detailpage




http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6GimGZz6a8&feature=player
_detailpage

102. Growing food naturally.

Avoids the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers and
genetically modified organisms.


Organic Agriculture

103. Agricultural practice of growing one or more vegetable crops
on a large scale for shipment to distant markets.

At first this type of farming “trucked” produce to local or
regional markets.

Railroads, air transport and refrigerated carriers have greatly
increased shipping to distant markets.

Major truck-farming areas are in California, Texas, Florida.

Most important truck crops are tomatoes, lettuce, melons,
beets, broccoli, celery, radishes, onions, cabbage, and
strawberries.


Truck Farm

104. A form of specialized agriculture that is known for
producing grapes, olives, citrus and figs

Crops require a warm year-round climate
Mediterranean Agriculture