Digestion and Absorption in Ruminant and Non-ruminant.pptx

Digestion and Absorption in Ruminant and Non-ruminant by Assistant Professor Boby Basnet

1. Animal Nutrition and Feeding Practices Boby Basnet Assistant Professor Animal Nutrition and Feeding Practices Ilam Community Agriculture Campus Purbanchal University

2. Digestion Digestion is a complex process involving specialized anatomical and physiological adaptations for the absorption of nutrients. Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed. The digestive system includes the digestive tract and its accessory organs

3. Depending upon the structure of digestive tract, animal can be classified into three groups:- A. Monogastric B. Ruminant C. Hind gut fermenter (rabbit, horse) According to the feeding habit domestic animas are grouped into- a. Carnivorous b. Herbivorous c. Omnivorous

4. Digestion process Mechanical : mastication, chewing of cud and contraction of alimentary canal B. Chemical: enzymatic digestion C. Microbial: bacteria and protozoa involved in digestion

5. Horse digestive system

6. Digestive system of non-ruminant Swine

7. Poultry

8. Digestion in non-ruminant Digestion: is mechanical, mastication, muscle contractions is chemical, enzymes soften and break down macromolecules of food The small fraction of cellulose and hemicellulose are digested by microorganism in large intestine (caecum).

9. Digestion in pig 1. Digestion in mouth: prehension , mastication and swallowing. Saliva contain  α -amylase (ptyalin) but no digestion in mouth because food is quickly swallowed. 2. Digestion in stomach: Gastric juice, Liver and pancreatic juice and Intestinal juice help in digestion of carbohydrate, proteins and fats. 3. Digestion in large intestine It secrets mucus not enzyme. The small fraction of cellulose and hemicellulose are digested by microorganism(fermentation in caecum) which produce volatile fatty acid like acetic acid, propionic and butyric acid

10. Poultry digestion Mouth: Saliva and digestive enzymes are added, doesn’t have teeth to chew Pharynx and esophagus: common passage for feed and air Crop: food is moistened and Little digestion with salivary amylase Proventriculus : true stomach, responsible for the production of gastric juice Gizzard: crushing and grinding the feed particles Small intestine: digestion by intestinal juice, pancreatic juice and bile Caeca: Digestion with the help of bacterial action Large intestine: maintain water balance by water absorption Cloaca and vent: cloaca is located at the end of the intestine and external opening of cloaca is vent

11. Digestive enzymes Carbohydrate digestive enzymes name Sources Substrate (enzyme act upon)  α -amylase Saliva Starch, glycogen, dextrin Sucrase Small intestine Sucrose Maltase Small intestine Maltose Lactase Small intestine lactose Trehalase Small intestine Trehalose Oligo-1,6 glycosidase Small intestine Dextrins

12. 2. Proteolytic enzyme 3. Lipolytic enzymes Name source substrate Gastric lipase Gastric mucosa Fats and other organic esters Pancreatic lipase pancreas Fats and other organic esters

13. Digestion in ruminant Carbohydrate digestion in ruminant The major portion of ruminant’s diets consist of roughages contain cellulose, hemicellulose and other carbohydrate When these carbohydrates reach to rumen, these are then subjected to break down by enzyme secreted by rumen microorganism, and gives volatile fatty acids and gaseous like CO 2 and methane . The normal concentration of bacteria in rumen liquor is 10 11 and protozoa are 10 6 per ml of rumen content

14. The main end product of carbohydrate break down in rumen is acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid. Most of the acid produced is absorbed directly from rumen, reticulum and abomasum. Major gaseous produced after carbohydrate digestion are carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen. Most of these gaseous are lost by eructation or belching.

15. Composition of Volatile fatty acid in rumen Acetic acid (CH3C00H): 60-70% Propionic acid (CH3CH2COOH): 15-20% Butyric acid ( C H2CH2CH2COOH): 10-15% Valeric acid and Isovaleric acid are also produces in trace amount. Composition of gas in rumen Carbon dioxide: 40% Methane: 30-40% Hydrogen: 5% Oxygen and nitrogen in small amount ingested from air.

16. 2. Protein digestion in ruminant After utilization of product of carbohydrate digestion, synthesis of microbial protein available to the host for subsequent digestion in lower gut. Rumen microbes break down the degradable intake protein (DIP) into peptides, amino acid and ammonia which are used by the microbes for growth and reproduction. Some of the amino acids are further degraded by deamination to organic acid, ammonia and CO2.

17. Excess ammonia is absorbed via the rumen wall into the blood and converted into urea in the liver When microbes pass in abomasum and small intestine, they are digested by digestive enzymes and make microbial cell protein available to host. Note Un-degradable Intake Protein (UIP): escapes rumen microbial breakdown and digested by enzymes in intestinal region

18. Bypass protein Dietary protein that escapes rumen microbial breakdown and passes to abomasum without any major biochemical changes. These are also termed as rumen un-degradable protein(UDP). Need of by-pass protein: For high yielding animals, the microbial protein synthesized in rumen is not adequate to meet the total amino acid requirement and so it has to be supplemented with the pass –protein.  The total amino acid obtained from microbial protein is just sufficient to yield not more than 10 liters of milk per day   eg of UDP; animal protein sources, cotton seed meal, soybean, sunflower seed and heat, formaldehyde, tannin treated feed etc.

19. Digestion of lipid Lipids are hydrolyzed to fatty acid and glycerol. Lipolytic enzyme produced by bacteria involves in this lipolysis. The glycerol is further fermented to propionic acid. Unsaturated fatty acids are hydrogenated by the microorganism. All short chain fatty acids or volatile fatty acids produced from fermentation of lipids are largely absorbed through the rumen wall. Long chain fatty acid are absorbed in small intestine.

20. Absorption of nutrient The major organ for absorption of dietary nutrient in monogastric animal is small intestine. Absorption of nutrient from the lumen of intestine can be takes place by following ways- Passive transport Active transport Pinocytosis A.Passive transport: In this process involve simple diffusion process providing a high concentration of nutrients outside the cell passes to the lower concentration inside

21. B. Active transport: It is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration Active transport requires cellular energy (ATP or electrochemical gradient) to achieve this movement. C. Pinocytosis: In which cell have capacity to capture or engulf smaller molecule in solution or suspension.

22. Absorption of nutrients Carbohydrates: In ruminant, Most of the acid produced after carbohydrate breakdown is absorbed directly from rumen, reticulum and abomasum. In non ruminant, Simple sugar are absorbed from the intestine into the portal blood system and then to liver in the form of glucose.

23. 2. Fat: In ruminant, All short chain fatty acids or volatile fatty acids produced from fermentation of lipids are largely absorbed through the rumen wall. Long chain fatty acid, mostly saturated fatty acid are absorbed in small intestine. In non ruminant , Fat absorbed through intestinal membrane in the form of fatty acids and monoglycerides . 3. Protein: The main product of protein digestion is amino acid and main site of absorption is small intestine. Amino acid pass into portal blood and then into liver.

24. 4.Minerals : Mineral in the diet is absorbed across the gastrointestinal mucosa and enter the blood. Paracellular and transcellular mechanisms are used by the gastrointestinal tract in absorption of minerals. Note: Paracellular  transport is the movement of substances across the epithelium through the intercellular spaces  between  the cells.  Transcellular  diffusion is the transport of molecules through both apical and basolateral membrane

25. 5.Vitamins: F at soluble vitamins are absorbed from the intestinal lumen using the same mechanisms used for absorption of other lipids largely by diffusion. Water soluble vitamins are absorbed both by simple diffusion and by carrier-mediated transport, which is sodium dependent for Non-ruminant. Vitamin synthesized by microbes are absorbed in the large intestine or, in the case of ruminants, the  rumen .

26. Thank you