Digestive System (Grade 8, Quarter 4)

A detailed presentation for the digestive system to be thought on grade 8 level (Department of Education Philippines Standards) including parts, functions, nutrients and diseases.

1. Digestive System

2. Grade 7 Review DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 2 FAO - LNHS - 2020

3. Grade 7 – Biology* Lessons Microscopy Levels of Organization Asexual and Sexual Reproduction Energy Trasnfer Thropic Level DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 3 FAO - LNHS - 2020

4. Chapter Objectives DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 4 FAO - LNHS - 2020

5. Chapter Objectives Describe and coordinate the functions of the organs of the digestive systems Trace the path of food as it enters the body Explain what and how enzymes helps in digesting food Explain what is absorption and how it happen DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 5 FAO - LNHS - 2020

6. Chapter Objectives Illustrate how diseases in the digestive system are detected, prevented and treated Reflect on harmful practice that affect the digestive system Discuss contemporary health issues Research on technology that are used in the digestive system DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 6 FAO - LNHS - 2020

7. “Study shows that 80% of students doesn’t eat breakfast.” DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 7

8. “A machine cannot function without fuel.” DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 8

9. PARTS AND FUNCTIONS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 9 FAO - LNHS - 2020

10. Digestive System Organization Gastrointestinal ( Gl ) Tract Tube within a tube Direct link/path between organs DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 10 FAO - LNHS - 2020

11. Digestive System Organization Structures Oral Cavity (Mouth) Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large Intestine Rectum DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 11 FAO - LNHS - 2020

12. The Oral Cavity DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 12 FAO - LNHS - 2020

13. The Oral Cavity (Mouth) The oral cavity serves as the entrance of the digestive system. It is responsible for the mastication of food. It is composed of the teeth , tongue , and salivary glands . DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 13 FAO - LNHS - 2020

14. Teeth The teeth is responsible for mastication , the process of crushing and grinding food. Different types of teeth carry out different activities. Normal adults have 32 . DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 14 FAO - LNHS - 2020

15. Teeth (…) A tooth is composed of three main region: Crown – located above the gums Neck – in the margin of the gums Root – hold the tooth in place in the mandible DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 15 FAO - LNHS - 2020

16. The teeth is the only part of our body that cannot repair itself. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 16 QUICK-KNOWS!

17. Tongue Your tongue is a long, muscular structure that perceive taste and helps mix food with saliva . It also pushes down food downward when you swallow. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 17 FAO - LNHS - 2020

18. Tongue (…) The rough parts of the tongue is the papillae , where the taste buds are found. These taste buds enable us to distinguish the five main taste – bitter, salty, sour, sweet and umami . DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 18 FAO - LNHS - 2020

19. Some people think that specific taste in assigned to specific area of the tongue. This is not true! All taste buds can detect all flavors! DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 19 QUICK-KNOWS!

20. Do you smell with tongue or with nose? Can you taste something without smelling it? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 20 QUICK-STION

21. Salivary Glands As food is chewed in the mouth, saliva , the juice secreted by salivary glands, moisten the food and makes it slippery to facilitate in the swallowing process. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 21 FAO - LNHS - 2020

22. Salivary Glands (…) Saliva contains the enzyme salivary amylase that helps in digesting starch (a complex carbohydrate) into maltose (a simpler carbohydrates). DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 22 FAO - LNHS - 2020

23. Saliva is important – if your saliva cannot dissolve something, you wont be able to taste food. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 23 QUICK-KNOWS!

24. During your lifetime, you can produce saliva that can be able to fill two regular sized swimming pool DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 24 QUICK-KNOWS!

25. Under the Star[ ch ] Bring crackers in class and have them tested for the precense of starch using an iodine test. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 25 QUICK-TIVITY!

26. PHARYNX DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 26 FAO - LNHS - 2020

27. Pharynx The pharynx is a funnelform structure that serve as the passageway for food and air. When swallowing, the epiglottis closed so that food won’t enter the esophagus . DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 27 FAO - LNHS - 2020

28. ESOPHAGUS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 28 FAO - LNHS - 2020

29. Esophagus DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 29 Running from the base of the pharynx to the whole neck down to stomach is a long tube called esophagus. It is around 20cm long. FAO - LNHS - 2020

30. Esophagus (…) DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 30 The muscles of the esophagus contract in a wavelike process called peristalsis. Mucous Glands that line in the inner esophagus secrets mucus, a slimy substance, that aids in the passage of the food. FAO - LNHS - 2020

31. When harmful objects enter the esophagus, it sometimes wave in the opposite direction, called antiperistalsis , to throw out the object, and you vomit. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 31 QUICK-KNOWS!

32. stomach DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 32 FAO - LNHS - 2020

33. Stomach The esophagus empties food through a muscular valve called esophageal sphincter into the stomach – a J-shaped, expandable, muscular bag – that stores the food you eat and breaks it down into tiny pieces. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 33

34. Stomach (…) The stomach have a thick wall composed of three layers of muscles that move in different directions. The inner lining of the stomach have glands that secretes gastric juice and mucous. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 34

35. Stomach (…) Gastric juices are composed of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and digestive enzymes pepsin ( and rennin in infants). HCl soften fibrous foods and kills bateria . It is very acidic, with a pH of 1 and 2. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 35

36. Stomach (…) Rennin digest milk proteins. Pepsin breaks down other protein into amino acids and peptides. Food in the stomach mix with gastric juice is called Chyme . DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 36

37. pH is the measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is in the scale of 1 to 14. 7 is neutral, lower is acidic, higher is alkaline. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 37 QUICK-KNOWS!

38. The acid in our stomach is strong enough to dissolve a razon blade. Don’t swallow razor blades! DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 38 QUICK-KNOWS!

39. If stomach acid is very strong, why can’t it dissolve our stomach? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 39 QUICK-STION

40. If the stomach can be emptied in just 4 hours, how many hours will it be empty if we eat 3 full meals? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 40 QUICK-STION

41. SMALL intestine DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 41 FAO - LNHS - 2020

42. Small Intestine (…) The small intestine is about 7-8m long, around 4cm wide, and with three parts namely: Duodenum – first 30cm Jejunum – middle 3 meters Ileum – last 4 meters. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 42 FAO - LNHS - 2020

43. Small Intestine After the stomach digested the food it is transferred down to the small intestine, passing to a valve called pyloric sphincter . DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 43 FAO - LNHS - 2020

44. Small Intestine (…) Food in the small intestine also move via peristalsis. In duodenum, chyme gets neutralized (lessen the acidity). In jejenum and ileum, absorption happens. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 44 FAO - LNHS - 2020

45. Small Intestine (…) Lining of intestine walls has finger-like projections called villi . The villi are further covered in microvilli. Located in each villus is a blood vessel ( capillary ) and a tiny lymph vessel ( lacteal ). DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 45 FAO - LNHS - 2020

46. Small Intestine (…) The small intestine also has accessory organs (glands) that aid in the digestion of the food namely: liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and intestinal glands. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 46 FAO - LNHS - 2020

47. Accessory glands DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 47 FAO - LNHS - 2020

48. Accessory Organs The Glands Food does not pass throught these organs but they still aide in the digestion of the food. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 48

49. Liver Liver is the largest gland in our body. It secretes bile which is temporarily stored in the gall bladder . DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 49 FAO - LNHS - 2020

50. Liver (…) Bile is very alkaline. It contains pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts. These particles convert fat to fat droplets. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 50 FAO - LNHS - 2020

51. Like a Bile Pour a small amout of cooking oil into a small plate. Add a few drops of liquid detergent and observe what will happen. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 51 QUICK-TIVITY!

52. Gall Bladder Temporarily stores bile from liver, then transfer it to the duodenum via bile duct. Eating fatty foods can cause gall stones. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 52 FAO - LNHS - 2020

53. Pancreas Pancreas is another gland in the digestive system which release pancreatic juice loaded with enzymes. These enzymes can help in breaking down fats, protein, and carbohydrates. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 53 FAO - LNHS - 2020

54. Pancreas Lipase – breaks down fat doplets (from liver) completely digesting it. Protease/Trypsinogen/ Chymotrypsinogen – break down protein into amino acids and peptides Amylase – break down starch to maltose DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 54 FAO - LNHS - 2020

55. Sweet Tooth Bring juice packets in the class next time. Read the labels and see what composes these drinks. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 55 QUICK-TIVITY!

56. Intestinal Glands Intestinal glands releases intestinal juices. It has four enzymes but mostly, all their jobs are to break down left over protein and carbohydrates. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 56 FAO - LNHS - 2020

57. Large intestines DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 57 FAO - LNHS - 2020

58. Large Intestine or Colon Digestion is not always 100% efficient. There are time that some enzymes are not always present in the human body. Thus, if there are undigested materials , it will be transferred to the large intestine or colon. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 58 FAO - LNHS - 2020

59. Large Intestine or Colon Large intestine is around 2 meters long and 7cm wide. It is shorter than the small intestine but it is wider compared to it. Digestion doesn’t happen anymore but reabsorption of salt and water takes place. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 59 FAO - LNHS - 2020

60. Large Intestine or Colon (…) Peristalsis moves undigested food from large intestine to the rectum , an expandable storage chamber. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 60 FAO - LNHS - 2020

61. Large Intestine or Colon (…) The undigested food in rectum is now called feces which eventually passes out in the body through the anus. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 61 FAO - LNHS - 2020

62. Bonus organ DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 62 FAO - LNHS - 2020

63. Appendix The appendix is a small sac located in the lower side of the abdomen attached between the small and large intestine. It is a vestigial organ , part of the body that losts its function for some species during evolution. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 63 FAO - LNHS - 2020

64. QUIZ TIME! DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 64 FAO - LNHS - 2020

65. On a sheet of paper, write the name of each colored organ: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 65 Green: Red: Pink: Brown: Purple: Green: Yellow:

66. How’d you do? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 66 Green: Esophagus Red: Stomach Pink: Small Intestine Brown: Large Intestine Purple: Liver Green: Gall Bladder Yellow: Pancreas

67. Quiz #1

68. 1. Part of pharynx which prevents food from entering the trachea (lungs). DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 68

69. 2. Found between the esophagus and the stomach, it prevents the backward flow of food from stomach to esophagus. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 69

70. 3. The wavelike motion of the mucles of the esophagus which push the food down. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 70

71. 4. How many layers of muscles does the stomach have? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 71

72. 5. What acid is included in the gastric juice which digest food and kill bacteria. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 72

73. 6. What is the term used when the digested food is mixed with the stomach acid? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 73

74. 7. Give the three partition of the small intestine in order. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 74

75. 8. What happens when the undigested food reach the large intestine? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 75

76. 9. Give at least 3 glands that helps the digestive system in digesting food. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 76

77. 10. Appendix is a vestigial organ. What does vestigial organ mean? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 77

78. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 78 answer

79. 1. Part of pharynx which prevents food from entering the trachea (lungs). DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 79

80. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 80 Epiglottis

81. 2. Found between the esophagus and the stomach, it prevents the backward flow of food from stomach to esophagus. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 81

82. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 82 Esophageal sphincter

83. 3. The wavelike motion of the mucles of the esophagus which push the food down. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 83

84. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 84 Peristalsis

85. 4. How many layers of muscles does the stomach have? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 85

86. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 86 Three (3)

87. 5. What acid is included in the gastric juice which digest food and kill bacteria. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 87

88. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 88 Hydrochloric acid

89. 6. What is the term used when the digested food is mixed with the stomach acid? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 89

90. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 90 Chyme

91. 7. Give the three partition of the small intestine in order. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 91

92. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 92 Duodenum, jejenum , ileum

93. 8. What happens when the undigested food reach the large intestine? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 93

94. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 94 Reabsorption / water and salt are added

95. 9. Give at least 3 glands that helps the digestive system in digesting food. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 95

96. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 96 Salivary gland, liver, pancreas, intestinal gland, mucous gland, stomach glands

97. 10. Appendix is a vestigial organ. What does vestigial organ mean? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 97

98. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 98 Organs without functions / lost its function

99. SCRAMBLED! Form another word from the letters on the current word (anagram). DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 99

100. OH PEGASUS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 100

101. ESOPHAGUS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 101

102. MISSES YETT GIVED DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 102

103. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 103

104. ALA VICTORY DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 104

105. ORAL CAVITY DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 105

106. ALERTED PATHS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 106

107. HARD PALETTES DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 107

108. LIP ASSISTER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 108

109. PERISTALSIS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 109

110. PIGS TOILET DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 110

111. EPIGLOTTIS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 111

112. DUST BEAST DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 112

113. TASTE BUDS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 113

114. FATTEST POLES DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 114

115. SOFT PALETTES DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 115

116. CHAOTIC DAMS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 116

117. STOMACH ACID DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 117

118. CHICO DARYL ORCHID DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 118

119. HYDROCHLORIC ACID DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 119

120. Continuation… DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 120

121. INGESTION, DIGESTION, AND ABSORPTION DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 121 FAO - LNHS - 2020

122. Phases of the Digestive System Ingestion Digestion (Mechanical and Chemical) Absorption Elimination/ Excretion/Egestion DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 122 FAO - LNHS - 2020

123. Ingestion DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 123 FAO - LNHS - 2020

124. Ingestion Ingestion is simply the process of taking in food into the body . Normally food enters in the mouth. In hospitals, sick patients who can’t eat or swallow eat food through a tube inserted into the esophagus into the stomach. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 124

125. Ingestion Ingestion on the digestive system can also be incomplete or complete. Incomplete Digestive System – food enter and exit on same opening. Complete Digestive System – food enter on a mouth and exits on anus. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 125

126. Digestion DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 126 FAO - LNHS - 2020

127. Digestion Digestion is the process of breaking down food. Mechanical digestion breaks food into smaller pieces. Happens in mouth. Chemical Digestion breaks down food into simpler substances. Happens in mouth, stomach and small intestine. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 127

128. Digestion Digestion can also be intracellular or extracellular. Intracellular Digestion – happens inside the cell Extracellular Digestion – happens outside the cell but inside the digestive system. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 128

129. Digestion Enzymes are special protein molecules that acts as catalyst that speed up the chemical reaction. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 129

130. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 130 FOOD NUTRIENTS ENZYMES PRODUCTS Carbohydrates which are reduced to maltose, lactose and sucrose Amylase Malase Lactose Sucrose Simple Sugars Glucose Galactose Fructose Proteins Casein (milk) and other proteins Protease Pepsin Rennin Trypsinogen Amino Acids Peptones and proreoses Milk Curdles Acids and Fats Lipase Fatty Acids and Glycerol Vitamins and Minerals Mostly not needed Absorbed in the precense of bile DIGESTION OF FOOD INTAKE

131. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 131 PATH SECRETIONS ENZYMES PROCESS Mouth Saliva Amylase Mechanical and Chemical Esophagus Mucus Mechanical Stomach Gastric Juice Pepsinogen HCl Pepsin Mechanical and Chemical SUMMARY OF DIGESTION PROCESS

132. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 132 PATH SECRETIONS ENZYMES PROCESS Small Intestine Mucus, Intestinal Juice, Chemotrypsin Amylase, Lipase, Trypsin, Peptides Mechanical and Chemical Large Intestine Mucus Water Reabsorption SUMMARY OF DIGESTION PROCESS

133. ABSORPTION DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 133 FAO - LNHS - 2020

134. Absorption Absorption is the process when the nutrients and minerals from the digested food and distributed to the different parts of the body. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 134

135. Absorption Nutrients from the food pass into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls. Absorbs 80% ingested water, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 135

136. Excretion DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 136 FAO - LNHS - 2020

137. Excretion Extretion is when the undigested food is extracted to the body. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 137

138. TAKING CARE OF DIGESTIVE SYTEMS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 138 FAO - LNHS - 2020

139. Eating Out is Fun, but… While eating your food, you noticed that something long was stucked in your teeth. You took it out and you see a hair in your hand. What will you do? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 139 QUICK-TIVITY!

140. Eating Out is Fun, but… Upon entering a restaurant, you saw that there are flies flying inside the establishment. What will you do? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 140 QUICK-TIVITY!

141. Questions 1. When you eat out, what precautions are on your mind to ensure that you enjoy your day? 2. What is your criteria in choosing a food to eat? 3. What are the government agencies and offices that are concerned with the food we eat? 4. What can you say about “street food”? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 141 FAO - LNHS - 2020

142. “You are what you eat.” DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 142

143. Nutrients Essential for Life DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 143 FAO - LNHS - 2020

144. Nutrients Essential for Life In elementary, we classified foods by Go, Grow and Glow Foods. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 144 FAO - LNHS - 2020

145. Nutrients Essential for Life Go foods such as camote, cassava, potatoes, bread, rice, and other cereals are rich in carbohydrates and provide energy. It enable us to do our daily activities like walking, jumping and playing. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 145 FAO - LNHS - 2020

146. Nutrients Essential for Life Grow foods such as meat, poultry products, cheese, yogurt, milk and other dairy products, enhance growth and development . This helps us become bigger and stronger. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 146 FAO - LNHS - 2020

147. Nutrients Essential for Life Glow foods are rich in vitamins and minerals such as fruits and green and leafy vegetables like malunggay , pechay and spinach. It makes our hair shine, eyes sparkle, and make our skin clear. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 147 FAO - LNHS - 2020

148. Yummy Yum! Create an ideal one day meal set using the food pyramid from the Food and Nutrition Research Institute. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 148 QUICK-TIVITY!

149. Carbohydrates DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 149 FAO - LNHS - 2020

150. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the immideate source of energy. The staple food of Filipinos is rice which is rich in carbohydrates. It contains glucose , the most basic sugar. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 150 FAO - LNHS - 2020

151. Carbohydrates Cells in our body requires carbohydrates to perform their tasks. Glucose – a type of simple sugar – in the carbohydrates is the one providing energy to the cells. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 151 FAO - LNHS - 2020

152. Carbohydrates Lack of carbohydrate intake may cause memory loss, learning difficulty, fatigue, exhaustion, nausea, muscle cramps, irritability, and even grievous conditions like epilepsy and paralysis. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 152 FAO - LNHS - 2020

153. Proteins DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 153 FAO - LNHS - 2020

154. Proteins Proteins helps build body tissues. Proteins contains amino acids . Cells can produce amino acids except eight types, which can be obtained from food. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 154 FAO - LNHS - 2020

155. Proteins Lack of proteins may cause edema (body swelling), anxiety, depression, hair loss, weight loss, skin rash and scaly skin. Poor countries often suffer from protein malnutrition. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 155 FAO - LNHS - 2020

156. Fats and lipids DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 156 FAO - LNHS - 2020

157. Fats and Lipids Fats and Lipids produce four times energy than carbohydrates and proteins. They are the energy reserves of the body. Lipids are important because they help in building cell membranes. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 157 FAO - LNHS - 2020

158. Fats and Lipids There are two types of fats Saturated Fats – found from butter, cheese, meats, palm oil, coconut oil, vegetable oil Unsaturated Fats – found on canola, corn, olive oil, nuts and legumes DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 158 FAO - LNHS - 2020

159. Fats and Lipids Fats intake can affect cholesterol. Eating much may increase your “bad cholesterol” or the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and lower your “good cholesterol” or high-density lipopreotein (HDL). DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 159 FAO - LNHS - 2020

160. Fats and Lipids Lack of Fat can also be dangerous in our body. Without fat, our body wont be able to absorb fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 160 FAO - LNHS - 2020

161. Fats and Lipids Lack of fat can also cause lack of concentration and attention, learning difficulties, hyperactivity, poor memory, and lacks of production of hormones. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 161 FAO - LNHS - 2020

162. “Proper nutrition starts with proper selection.” DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 162

163. Transfat is a type of unsaturated fat that can be produced artificialy . DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 163 QUICK-KNOWS!

164. Scientist Highlight Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849 – 1936) DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 164 QUICK-KNOWS!

165. Regulatory Nutrients for the Body DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 165 FAO - LNHS - 2020

166. WATER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 166 FAO - LNHS - 2020

167. Water We are always advised to drink plenty of water. Water is vital to the physiological and chemical process that involve the release of energy in the cell. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 167 FAO - LNHS - 2020

168. Water Water also normalize the human body temperature. Drinking lots of water when we are sick helps in lowering the body temperature. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 168 FAO - LNHS - 2020

169. Water To determine if our body has enough water, we can examine the color of our urine. When it is pale yellow to clear, you have enough water – otherwise, you’ll see bright yellow to dark yellow. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 169 FAO - LNHS - 2020

170. Under the Star[ ch ] Part 2 Cut a thin slice of cucumber and potato. Add a drop of iodine solution. Observe and compare what happens. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 170 QUICK-TIVITY!

171. VITAMINS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 171 FAO - LNHS - 2020

172. Vitamins Vitamins needed in small or large amount are both vital in our body. These substances speed up chemical reaction and regulate the release of energy in the body. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 172 FAO - LNHS - 2020

173. Vitamins There are two types of Vitamins Water-soluble – B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B12, C Fat-soluble – A, D, E, K DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 173 FAO - LNHS - 2020

174. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 174 VITAMIN SOURCE FUNCTION DEFICIENCY Vitamin A (retinol) Milk, Milk Products, Liver, Vegetable Good Eyesight Rough and Flaky Skin, Night Blindness Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Meat, Legumes, unpolished grain Food Oxidation, Appetite, Nervous System Health Beriberi, weakening of the heart Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Milk, Meat, Eggs, Vegetables, Fish Food Oxidation, Healthy Skin, Eye Function Soreness, Swelling SUMMARY OF MAJOR VITAMINS

175. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 175 VITAMIN SOURCE FUNCTION DEFICIENCY Vitamin B3 (niacin) Grains, lean meat, tomatoes, liver Metabolism enzyme, nervous and digestive system Pellagra, Inflammation of nerves Vitamin B5 ( panthotenic acid) Various food Conenzymes for carbohydrates and fat metabolism Fatigue, loss of coordination SUMMARY OF MAJOR VITAMINS

176. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 176 VITAMIN SOURCE FUNCTION DEFICIENCY Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) Vegetable, cereals and meat Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism Anemia and nervous system disorder Vitamin B12 ( cyanoco-balamin ) Red meats, Livers, and Kidneys Nervous System, blood formation and growth Pernicious anemia SUMMARY OF MAJOR VITAMINS

177. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 177 VITAMIN SOURCE FUNCTION DEFICIENCY Biotin Meat and Vegetables Coenzymes in fat systhesis and amino acid metabolism Depression, Nausea Folic Acid Green Vegetables Important in metabolic activity Anemia, Diarrhea SUMMARY OF MAJOR VITAMINS

178. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 178 VITAMIN SOURCE FUNCTION DEFICIENCY Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Citrus fruits, green and leafy vegetables Healthy gums and teeth, growth and strength of blood vessels Scurvy, breakdown of skins and blood vessels Vitamin D (calciferol) Cod liver oil, dairy products, exposure to sunlight Normal growth, healthy teeth and bones, absorption of calcium Rickets SUMMARY OF MAJOR VITAMINS

179. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 179 VITAMIN SOURCE FUNCTION DEFICIENCY Vitamin E (tocopherol) Milk, nuts, leafy vegetables Cell membrane and fatty acids protection from oxidation Problems in the reproductive system Vitamin K Leafy vegetables, egg yolk, milk Prevent blood clotting Hemmorage or severe bleeding SUMMARY OF MAJOR VITAMINS

180. Minerals DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 180 FAO - LNHS - 2020

181. Minerals Minerals – such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron – are essential for the growth of the cells. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 181 FAO - LNHS - 2020

182. Minerals There are two types of minerals Macronutrients – needed in greater quantities. Micronutrients – needed in smaller quantities. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 182 FAO - LNHS - 2020

183. Humans can survive 30 days without food, 3 days without water, 3 minutes without air. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 183 QUICK-KNOWS!

184. Canteen Raid List down the food items that can be bought in the canteen. Tabulate these item into nutritious and not. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 184 QUICK-TIVITY!

185. Importance of Exercise DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 185 FAO - LNHS - 2020

186. Importance of Exercise Just eating right is not enough – we need to use the muscles in our body. Exercise helps in developing our muscles and tissues. Lack of physical activity may also cause obesity. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 186 FAO - LNHS - 2020

187. 10 Reasons why Exercise is importanT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 187 FAO - LNHS - 2020

188. 10 Importance of Exercise 1. 30-60 minutes of exercise will keep your body fit 2. It increase energy level, allows greater oxygen supply to the body 3. Leads to socialization DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 188 FAO - LNHS - 2020

189. 10 Importance of Exercise 4. Good for heart. Imporves blood circulation/pressure. 5. Maintains ideal weight. Lessen pressure on other organs of the body. 6. Exercise is fun. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 189 FAO - LNHS - 2020

190. 10 Importance of Exercise 7. Provides nice, long sleep 8. Release endorphine in brain, makes you happier 9. Relax the mind and forgot your problems 10. Boost confidence and self esteem . DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 190 FAO - LNHS - 2020

191. General Care DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 191 FAO - LNHS - 2020

192. General Care Tips 1. Brush teeth regularly and have a regular check-up 2. Avoid overeating 3. Eat a lot of fibrous food. 4. Defacate regularly DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 192 FAO - LNHS - 2020

193. General Care Tips 5. Drink plenty of water 6. Chew food slowly and relax when you eat 7. Don’t talk when mouth is full. You might choke. 8. Consult doctor if experiencing discomforts DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 193 FAO - LNHS - 2020

194. Job Highlight Food and Nutrition Technologist Study the principles underlying food processing and deterioration. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 194 QUICK-KNOWS!

195. “Now please do what I ask. Let me fix you some food. You must eat so that you will be strong enough to go on your way.” Samuel 28:22 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 195

196. Quiz #2

197. Identification Read each sentence carefully then identify what is being described in each sentence. Choose your answer from the box provided DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 197

198. 1. Foods that gives us energy and rich in carbohydrates . 2. Foods that have plenty of protein which helps our cells in multiplying. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 198 Amino Acids Cholesterol Exercise Glow Foods Glow Foods Glucose Go Food Minerals Vitamins

199. 3. Food that are rich in vitamins and minerals that keeps our skin healthy. 4. Simple sugar molecules present in carbohydrates. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 199 Amino Acids Cholesterol Exercise Glow Foods Glow Foods Glucose Go Food Minerals Vitamins

200. 5. 0BB, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 Slide 200 Amino Acids Cholesterol Exercise Glow Foods Glow Foods Glucose Go Food Minerals Vitamins

201. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 201 FAO - LNHS - 2020

202. Common Ailments DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 202 FAO - LNHS - 2020

203. Gastroesophageal Reflux DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 203 FAO - LNHS - 2020

204. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) A condition when the acid in the stomach enters the esophagus. Also known as heartburn . DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 204 FAO - LNHS - 2020

205. Gastritis or ulcer DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 205 FAO - LNHS - 2020

206. Gastritis or Ulcer Inflamation of the lining of the stomach caused by bacteria, Heliobacter Pylori and some medications. Cause pain and discomfort in the lower part of the stomach. Can be acute or chronic. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 206 FAO - LNHS - 2020

207. Spicy food or strees do not cause ulcer. But eating spicy food and being stressed might aggravate ulcer. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 207 QUICK-KNOWS!

208. indigestion DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 208 FAO - LNHS - 2020

209. Indigestion A type of discomfort felt along the upper part of abdomen. Caused by eating too much or too quickly. Can be avoided by eating slowly and regularly. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 209 FAO - LNHS - 2020

210. flatulence DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 210 FAO - LNHS - 2020

211. Carbohydrates Caused by the build-up of gas in the when you eat quickly or when a large chunk of food is stucked in the passageway of food. Can cause stress, discomfort and belching. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 211 FAO - LNHS - 2020

212. Caused by Ingestion of Harmful Substance DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 212 FAO - LNHS - 2020

213. Constipation DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 213 FAO - LNHS - 2020

214. Constipation Inability to move the bowels regularly characterized by difficulty in defacation . Can be cured by drinking more water, eating fibrous foods and defacating regularly. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 214 FAO - LNHS - 2020

215. diarrhea DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 215 FAO - LNHS - 2020

216. Diarrhea Frequent passing of stool. Can be caused by contaminated food/water or colon irritation. Drinking lots of water can counter the dehydration caused by diarrhea. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 216 FAO - LNHS - 2020

217. apendicitis DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 217 FAO - LNHS - 2020

218. Apendicitis Inflammation of the appendix. Can be infected by feces or worms. Causes very excruciating pain along the lower right abdomen. Can only be cured by appendectomy . DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 218 FAO - LNHS - 2020

219. Some people thought that running or working after eating cause appendicitis. This is not true. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 219 QUICK-KNOWS!

220. Technology Highlight Endoscopy Examining internal organs and passageways using endoscope. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 220 QUICK-KNOWS!

221. Caused by Nutrition Deficiency DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 221 FAO - LNHS - 2020

222. Anemia DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 222 FAO - LNHS - 2020

223. Anemia Anemia is characterized by paleness, weakness, lack of vitality and chronic headache. This is due to lack of iron in the blood which reduce the number of hemoglobin in the red blood cells. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 223 FAO - LNHS - 2020

224. Hypertension DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 224 FAO - LNHS - 2020

225. Hypertension Characterized by having an abnormally high pressure, chronic headache and pain at the back of the neck. Caused by eating too much fatty food which blocks the blood vessels, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 225 FAO - LNHS - 2020

226. Diabetes DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 226 FAO - LNHS - 2020

227. Diabetes Diabetic people urinate frequently at night, wounds are bloated and don’t heal, and itchiness. Diabetes have different types but it is mostly caused by the body’s inability to metabolized sugar. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 227 FAO - LNHS - 2020

228. Scurvy DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 228 FAO - LNHS - 2020

229. Scurvy Scurvy is characterized by having bruises, swollen gums, wounds heal slowly, fatigue, irritability, and depression. Caused by the lack of Vitamin C in the body. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 229 FAO - LNHS - 2020

230. Kwashiorkor DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 230 FAO - LNHS - 2020

231. Kwashiorkor People with kwashiorkor experience apathy, muscular wasting, edema, hair loss and skin pigmentation caused by the lack of protein in the body. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 231 FAO - LNHS - 2020

232. Marasmus DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 232 FAO - LNHS - 2020

233. Marasmus People with marasmus looks skinny and fretful. It is caused by calorie deficiency in the body. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 233 FAO - LNHS - 2020

234. Rickets DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 234 FAO - LNHS - 2020

235. Rickets Rickets is a medical disease in children wherein their bones becomes soft and weak. It is caused by the lack of vitamin D in the body. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 235 FAO - LNHS - 2020

236. beriberi DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 236 FAO - LNHS - 2020

237. Beriberi A deficiency disease marked by inflammatory or degenerative changes of the nerves, digestive system, and heart due to the inability to assimilate thiamine (vitamin B1) DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 237 FAO - LNHS - 2020

238. Pellagra DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 238 FAO - LNHS - 2020

239. Pellagra Disease marked by dermatitis, gastrointestinal disorder and mental disturbance associated with a diet deficient in niacin (vitamin B3) DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 239 FAO - LNHS - 2020

240. Night Blindness DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 240 FAO - LNHS - 2020

241. Night Blindness Reduced vision on dark areas caused by the lack of retinol (vitamin A) DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 241 FAO - LNHS - 2020

242. Contemporary Health Issues DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 242 FAO - LNHS - 2020

243. Malnutrition DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 243 FAO - LNHS - 2020

244. Malnutrition Filipinos are more underweight than overweight. Unequal distribution of wealth attiribute to hunger in the Philippines. Most Filipinos can’t eat 3 times a day. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 244 FAO - LNHS - 2020

245. Failure to thrive DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 245 FAO - LNHS - 2020

246. Failure to Thrive This refers to children whose weight is not the same as their age group. Child appear smaller, puberty is also delayed. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 246 FAO - LNHS - 2020

247. Food Refusal DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 247 FAO - LNHS - 2020

248. Food Refusal Also known as ‘food jag,’ this refer to the situation where children (or some adults) are being ‘picky’ for their food because they dislike the color, texture or the food itself. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 248 FAO - LNHS - 2020

249. Food Allergy and intolerance DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 249 FAO - LNHS - 2020

250. Food Allergy and Intolerance This is common in children. Allegies may be caused food such as eggs, milk, peanuts, chicken and fish. Milk allergy should be treated because it may cause calcium deficiency. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 250 FAO - LNHS - 2020

251. Milk allergy also known as lactose intolerance happen when our body lack lactose which helps in digesting milk. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 251 QUICK-KNOWS!

252. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FAO - LNHS - 2020 252 SUMMATIVE CHAPTER TEST