Digestive System medical Terminology

Medical Terminologies related with Digestive system

1. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY- I HIT 121 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Dr. Kalpana ,S.

2. Dr. Kalpana Sultan HIT 121 Medical terminology II

3. Dr.Kalpana Sultan HIT 121

4. Term Definition Bilirubin Bolus Exocrine EKS-o- kr˘ın   exo -:  outside, outward  - crine :  secrete  Sphincter SFING-K-T- er Orange colored or Yellowish pigment in bile. Bil -I-ROO-BIN Bilirubin  is formed principally by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells after termination of their normal lifespan.  Mass of masticated food ready to be swallowed BO-L-US Denotes a gland that secretes its products  through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel. Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body  An example of a sphincter is the lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter that constricts once food has passed into the stomach. 

5. ROOT WORD DEFINITION CIRRH ORANGE CHEIL LIP CHOL BILE, GALL DIVERTICUL DIVERTICULUM FEC FECES FLUX FLOW GASTR STOMACH GLOSS TONGUE HALIT BREATH HEPAT LIVER ILE TO ROLL, ILEUM LAPAR ABDOMEN LITH STONE PEPS, PEPT DIGESTION POLYP SMALL GROWTH

6. SUFFIX DEFINITION -IA CONDITION OF -ITIS INFLAMMATION -DYNIA PAIN -OSIS CONDITION OF -RRHAPHY SUTURING -SCOPY TO VIEW -SIS STATE OF -STOMY SURGICAL CREATION OF AN OPENING -TOMY INCISION OR TO CUT

7. Word Building with an/o & bucc/o –al buccal pertaining to cheek labi/o –al labiobuccal pertaining to lips and cheeks –al anal pertaining to anus

8. Word Building with append/o & appendic/o –itis appendicitis inflammation of appendix – ectomy appendectomy surgical removal of appendix

9. Word Building with cholecyst/o & dent/o –al dental pertaining to teeth –algia dentalgia tooth pain – ectomy cholecystectomy removal of gallbladder –gram cholecystogram X-ray record of gallbladder –ic cholecystic pertaining to gallbladder –algia cholecystalgia gallbladder pain

10. Word Building with col/o & colon/o –scope colonoscope instrument to view colon –ic colonic pertaining to colon – ectomy colectomy removal of colon –ostomy colostomy new opening into colon rect/o –al colorectal pertaining to colon & rectum

11. Word Building with duoden /o, enter/o, & esophag /o –al duodenal pertaining to duodenum – ic enteric pertaining to intestine –itis enteritis inflammation of intestine –eal esophageal pertaining to esophagus –ectasis esophagectasis dilation of esophagus

12. Word Building with gastr/o –al duodenal pertaining to duodenum –ic enteric pertaining to intestine –itis enteritis inflammation of intestine – eal esophageal pertaining to esophagus –ectasis esophagectasis dilation of esophagus

13. Word Building with gastr/o nas /o – ic nasogastric pertaining to nose & stomach –ostomy gastrostomy new opening into stomach –scope gastroscope instrument to view stomach –itis gastritis inflammation of stomach –ectomy gastrectomy surgical removal of stomach

14. –al ileal pertaining to ileum –ostomy ileostomy new opening into ileum – itis hepatitis inflammation of liver –oma hepatoma liver tumor –ic hepatic pertaining to liver Word Building with hepat/o & ile/o

15. Word Building with odont/o, or/o, & palat/o orth /o – ic orthodontic pertaining to straight teeth –al oral pertaining to mouth –plasty palatoplasty surgical repair of palate

16. Word Building with pancreat/o & pharyng/o –eal pharyngeal pertaining to pharynx –plegia pharyngoplegia pharynx paralysis –plasty pharyngoplasty surgical repair of pharynx – itis pancreatitis inflammation of pancreas –ic pancreatic pertaining to pancreas

17. Word Building with proct/o & pylor/o – ic pyloric pertaining to pylorus – ptosis proctoptosis drooping rectum & anus –logist proctologist rectum & anus specialist –pexy proctopexy surgical fixation of rectum & anus

18. Word Building with rect/o, sialaden/o,sigmoid/o –al rectal pertaining to rectum –scope sigmoidoscope instrument to view inside sigmoid colon –al sigmoidal pertaining to sigmoid colon –itis sialadenitis inflammation of salivary glands

19. Word Building with –emesis, –orexia, & –prandial hemat /o hematemesis vomit blood hyper– hyperemesis excessive vomiting an– anorexia lack of appetite dys– dysorexia abnormal appetite post– postprandial pertaining to after a meal

20. Word Building with –pepsia & –phagia a– aphagia lack of eating dys– dysphagia abnormal eating poly– polyphagia too much eating brady – bradypepsia slow digestion dys – dyspepsia painful digestion

21. Oral Cavity Pathology aphthous ulcers ulcers in the mouth; commonly called canker sores cleft lip congenital anomaly where upper lip and jaw fail to fuse in the midline, leaving a gap cleft palate congenital anomaly where hard palate fails to fuse in the midline, leaving an opening into nasal cavity

22. Esophageal Pathology esophageal varices varicose veins in the esophagus; hemorrhaging occurs if rupture gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) acid from stomach flows backward up into esophagus causing inflammation and pain

23. Stomach Pathology gastric carcinoma malignant tumor in stomach hiatal hernia protrusion of stomach through diaphragm into thoracic cavity; also called diaphragmatocele peptic ulcer disease (PUD) ulcer in the lower portion of esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum; caused by high acid of stomach juices; may be a result of Helicobacter pylori infection

24. Figure : A hiatal hernia or diaphragmatocele .

25. The location and appearance of a peptic ulcer in both the stomach and the duodenum.

26. Photomicrograph of a gastric ulcer

27. Small Intestine & Colon Pathology anal fistula abnormal passageway from surface directly into rectum; around anal opening colorectal carcinoma malignant tumor in the colon or rectum Crohn’s disease chronic inflammatory bowel disease, primarily in ileum and/or colon; results in scarring; also called regional ileitis

28. diverticulitis inflammation of a diverticulum, an outpouching off the colon; results from food being trapped inside diverticulosis condition of having diverticula, may lead to diverticulitis dysentery diarrhea with mucus and blood, severe abdominal pain, and fever; caused by contaminated food or water Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

29. hemorrhoids varicose veins in the anal region ileus severe abdominal pain, inability to defecate, abdominal distension; caused by intestinal blockage inguinal hernia protrusion of a loop of bowel through abdominal muscle and into groin region; may become incarcerated or strangulated if muscle pinches the loop of bowel Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

30. intussusception one part of intestine slips or telescopes into another section irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) disturbance in function of intestine for unknown reason; causes abdominal cramping and alternating diarrhea and constipation; also called functional bowel syndrome Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

31. An Inguinal Hernia

32. An Intussusception

33. polyposis having polyps growing on the mucous membrane of the colon; may become cancerous ulcerative colitis chronic inflammatory condition with numerous small ulcers on the lining of the colon; also called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) volvulus bowel twists upon itself causing an obstruction Small Intestine & Colon Pathology

34. Photograph showing a polyp in the colon

35. Volvulus

36. Accessory Organ Pathology cholecystitis inflammation of gallbladder; commonly caused by gallstones cholelithiasis presence of gallstones; may or may not cause symptoms cirrhosis chronic liver disease due to liver failure hepatitis inflammation of liver; usually due to a viral infection

37. Common sites for cholelithiasis

38. Cholelithiasis (KOH lee lith EYE ah siss ) The general condition of stones in the gallbladder… referred to as gallstones.

39. Cirrhosis (ser ROH siss ) This is a chronic, progressive liver disease. There is a loss of liver cells, which are gradually replaced by fat cells and connective tissue. This causes a yellow-orange discoloration of the skin. Alcoholism and viral infections such as Hepatitis B & C are common causes.

40. Hepatitis (HEP ah TYE tiss ) A viral infection of the liver. Type A is transmitted via contaminated food; Type B via bodily fluids ; Type C via blood; Type D via bodily fluids; T ype E via contaminated water.

41. Clinical Laboratory Tests alanine transaminase (ALT) normal enzyme in the bloodstream; increased levels indicate liver disease aspartate transaminase (AST) normal enzyme in the bloodstream; increased levels indicate liver disease fecal occult blood (FOBT) examines feces for microscopic amounts of blood; also called hemoccult

42. Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) (FEE kal uh kult ) A lab test performed on a fecal sample to detect the presence of blood, which may indicate hemorroids , polyposis , or colorectal cancer.

43. Clinical Laboratory Tests ova and parasites (O&P) examination of feces for presence of parasites or their eggs serum bilirubin determines amount of bilirubin in bloodstream; indicates liver disease stool culture culture of feces to look for presence of pathogenic bacteria

44. Diagnostic Imaging bite-wing X-ray X-ray of teeth with film holder held in the teeth intravenous cholecystography X-ray of gallbladder and bile ducts after intravenous injection of dye lower gastrointestinal series (lower GI) X-ray of colon and rectum after barium dye injected via an enema; also called a barium enema (BE)

45. Endoscopic Procedures colonoscopy visual examination inside of colon and rectum using a colonoscope gastroscopy visual examination inside of stomach using a gastroscope laparoscopy visual examination inside of abdominal cavity using a laparoscope sigmoidoscopy visual examination inside of sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope

46. GI Endoscopy (en DAH skŏ pee) This is a visual examination of the GI tract using an endoscope. A long, flexible tube with fiber optics, a camera, and surgical tools are used with an eyepiece, and connected to a viewing monitor at the other end.

47. UGI & LGI Upper & Lower GI Series Barium is a radiographic substance, highlighting features within the gastrointestinal tract on Xrays for diagnostic purposes. In a LGI, the barium sulfate is introduced by enema and enhances images of the large intestine, colon, and rectum. In a UGI, pictures are developed of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. UGI Image LGI Image

48. Gastric Lavage (GAS trik lah VAHZH) Commonly referred to as ‘pumping your stomach’, this is a cleansing procedure for the stomach. A colonic irrigation is similar and cleanses the colon. An enema is used to remove a fecal blockage from the color or rectum.

49. Gavage ( gah VAHZH) This is the process of feeding a patient through a tube inserted into the nose that extends through the esophagus and into the stomach.

50. Medical Procedures gavage placing liquid nourishment directly into stomach via a nasogastric tube lavage washing out stomach using a nasogastric tube nasogastric intubation (NG tube) flexible catheter inserted into nose and down esophagus into the stomach total parenteral nutrition (TPN) providing 100% of patient nutrition; used when patient is unable to eat

51. Ileostomy (ILL ee OSS toh mee ) When the colon has to be removed, it requires the surgical creation of a new opening through the abdominal wall and into the ileum of the small intestine. This opening, called a stoma , creates an alternative anus.

52. Laparotomy (lap ah ROTT oh mee ) This is a surgical procedure where an incision is made through the abdominal wall, often from the base of the sternum to the pubic bone.

53. Surgical Procedures fistulectomy removal of a fistula gastric stapling procedure to close off large section of stomach with rows of staples; results in much smaller stomach hemorrhoidectomy surgical removal of hemorrhoids

54. Surgical Procedures anastomosis surgical creation of a connection between two organs; like joining together two sections of colon bariatric surgery surgical procedures to treat morbid obesity; like stomach stapling choledocholithotripsy surgical crushing of a gallstone in the common bile duct

55. The colon illustrating various – ostomy sites.

56. Surgical Procedures fistulectomy removal of a fistula gastric stapling procedure to close off large section of stomach with rows of staples; results in much smaller stomach hemorrhoidectomy surgical removal of hemorrhoids

57. Digestive System Pharmacology anorexiant suppresses appetite to treat obesity Adipost, Obezine antacid neutralizes stomach acid Tums, Maalox, Mylanta antidiarrheal used to control diarrhea Imodium, Lomotil antiemetic treats nausea and vomiting Compazine, Phenergan

58. Digestive System Pharmacology emetic induces vomiting Ipecac syrup H 2 -receptor antagonist blocks the production of stomach acid Zantac, Pepcid, Tagament laxative stimulates a bowel movement Senokot, Metamucil proton pump inhibitor blocks stomach’s ability to secrete acid Nexium, Prilosec