digital communication by burnald saklar chapter 4

digital communication by burnald saklar chapter 4:
transmission media

1. Data and Computer Communications
Eighth Edition
William Stallings
Chapter 4 –Transmission Media

2. Overview
Guided –wire
Unguided –wireless
Characteristics and quality determined by medium and
signal
For guided, the medium is more important
For unguided, the bandwidth produced by the antenna is more
important
Key concerns are data rate and distance

3. Design Factors
Bandwidth
Higher bandwidth gives higher data rate
Transmission impairments
Attenuation (more in twisted pair than in coaxial cable)
Interference
Number of receivers
Guided media –more receivers (multi-point) introduce more
attenuation

4. Electromagnetic Spectrum

5. Guided Transmission Media
1.Twisted Pair
2.Coaxial cable
3.Optical fiber

6. Transmission Characteristics of Guided
Media

7. Attenuation of Typical Guided Media

8. Twisted Pair

9. Twisted Pair –Transmission
Characteristics
Analog
Needs amplifiers every 5 km to 6 km
Digital
Can use either analog or digital signals
Needs a repeater every 2-3 km
Limited distance
Limited bandwidth (1MHz)
Limited data rate (100MHz)
Susceptible to interference and noise

10. Unshielded vs Shielded TP
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Ordinary telephone wire
Cheapest
Easiest to install
Suffers from external EM interference
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Metal braid or sheathing that reduces interference
More expensive
Harder to handle (thick, heavy)
In a variety of categories -see EIA-568, TIA

11. UTP Categories
UTP = Unshielded twisted pair
FTP = Foil twisted pair
SSTP = Shielded screen twisted pair

12. Comparison of Shielded and Unshielded
Twisted Pair

13. Near End Crosstalk
Couplingofsignalfromonepairtoanother
Occurswhentransmitsignalenteringthelinkcouples
backtoreceivingpair
i.e.neartransmittedsignalispickedupbynearreceivingpair

14. Coaxial Cable

15. Coaxial Cable Applications
Most versatile medium
Television distribution
Ariel to TV
Cable TV
Long distance telephone transmission
Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
Being replaced by fiber optic
Short distance computer systems links
Local Area Aetworks

16. Coaxial Cable -Transmission
Characteristics
Analog
Amplifiers every few km
Closer if higher frequency
Up to 500MHz
Digital
Repeater every 1km
Closer for higher data rates

17. Optical Fiber

18. Total Internal Reflection

19. Optical Fiber -Benefits
Greater capacity
Data rates of hundreds of Gbps
Smaller size & weight
Lower attenuation
Electromagnetic isolation
Greater repeater spacing
10’s of km at least

20. Optical Fiber -Applications
Long-haul trunks (1500km/ 20k to 60k channels)
Metropolitan trunks (12km/ 100k channels)
Rural exchange trunks (40 to 160km/5000 VC )
Subscriber loops
LANs (100 Mbps to 10 Gbps)

21. Optical Fiber -Transmission Characteristics
Act as wave guide for 10
14
to 10
15
Hz
Portions of infrared and visible spectrum
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Cheaper
Wider operating temp range
Last longer
Injection Laser Diode (ILD)
More efficient
Greater data rate
Wavelength Division Multiplexing

22. Optical Fiber Transmission Modes

23. Frequency Utilization for Fiber Applications

24. Wireless Transmission Frequencies
1GHz to 40GHz
Microwave
Highly directional
Point to point
Satellite
30MHz to 1GHz
Radio range
Omnidirectional
Broadcast radio
3x10
11
to 2x10
14
Infrared
Local

25. Antennas
Electricalconductor(orsystemof...)usedtoradiate
electromagneticenergyorcollectelectromagneticenergy
Transmission
Radio frequency energy from transmitter
Converted to electromagnetic energy by antenna
Radiated into surrounding environment
Reception
Electromagnetic energy impinging on antenna
Converted to radio frequency electrical energy
Fed to receiver
Same antenna often used for both
Reciprocity Theorem
Antenna transmits signal with the same efficiency with which it receives.

26. Radiation Pattern
Power radiated in all directions
Not same performance in all directions
Isotropic antenna is (theoretical) point in space
Radiates in all directions equally
Gives spherical radiation pattern

27. Parabolic Reflective Antenna
Used for terrestrial and satellite microwave
Parabola is locus of all points equidistant from a line and a
point not on that line
Fixed point is focus
Line is directrix
Revolve parabola about axis to get paraboloid
Cross section parallel to axis gives parabola
Cross section perpendicular to axis gives circle
Source placed at focus will produce waves reflected from
parabola in parallel to axis
Creates (theoretical) parallel beam of light/sound/radio
On reception, signal is concentrated at focus, where detector
is placed

28. Parabolic Reflective Antenna

29. Antenna Gain
Measure of directionality of antenna
Power output in particular direction is compared with
that produced by isotropic antenna
Measured in decibels (dB)
Results in loss in power in another direction
Effective area relates to size and shape (Part of the
aperture uniformly illuminated)
Related to gain
The relation between antenna gain and effective area is
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
2

30. Terrestrial Microwave
Parabolic dish
Focused beam
Line of sight
Long haul telecommunications
Higher frequencies give higher data rates

31. Transmission Characteristics
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4????????????

2
Loss varies as square of the distance

32. Satellite Microwave
Satellite is relay station
Satellite receives on one frequency, amplifies or repeats
signal and transmits on another frequency
Requires geo-stationary orbit
Height of 35,784km
Television
Long distance telephone
Private business networks

33. Satellite Point to Point Link

34. Satellite Broadcast Link

35. Broadcast Radio
Omnidirectional
FM radio
UHF and VHF television
Suffers from multipath interference
Reflections

36. Transmission Characteristics
30 MHz to 1GHz –effective for mobile communication
Attenuation obeys the same equation as in microwave
Multipath interference

37. Infrared
Transmitters/ receivers modulate non-coherent infrared
light
Line of sight (or reflection)
Blocked by walls
e.g. TV remote control, IRD port

38. Wireless Propagation
Signal travels along three routes
1. Ground wave
Follows contour of earth
Up to 2MHz
AM radio

39. Wireless Propagation
Signal travels along three routes
2. Sky wave
Amateur radio, BBC world service, Voice of America
Signal reflected from ionosphere layer of upper atmosphere
(Actually refracted)

40. Wireless Propagation
Signal travels along three routes
3. Line of sight
Above 30Mhz
May be further than optical line of sight due to refraction
More later…

41. Optical and Radio Horizons
Optical LOS:
d = 3.57√h (d is the distance b/w antenna and horizon)
d = 3.57√Kh (K is the adjustment factor to account for refraction,
normally 4/3)
Attempt Example 4.3

42. Line of Sight Transmission
Free space loss
Signal disperses with distance
Smaller for lower frequencies (longer wavelengths)
Atmospheric Absorption
Water vapour and oxygen absorb radio signals
If observed from 1 to 100GHz,
Water greatest at 22GHz, less below 15GHz
Oxygen greater at 60GHz, less below 30GHz
Rain and fog scatter radio waves
Multipath
Better to get line of sight if possible
Signal can be reflected causing multiple copies to be received
May be no direct signal at all
May reinforce or cancel direct signal
Refraction
May result in partial or total loss of signal at receiver

43. Free
Space
Loss

44. Atmospheric Absorption

45. Multipath Interference