Dimensions-of-Theories-of-Freud-and-Erickson.pptx

Dimension of Freud's Theory

1. Dimensions of Theories of Freud and Erickson The exploration of human development has been a cornerstone of psychology, with numerous theories emerging to explain the intricate journey from infancy to adulthood. Among the most influential figures in this field are Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson, whose theories have shaped our understanding of personality, social development, and the interplay between internal and external forces. This presentation delves into the key dimensions of Freud's and Erickson's theories, examining their similarities, differences, and applications. by Mechille Lugo

2. Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development 1 Oral Stage From birth to approximately 18 months, infants are primarily focused on oral gratification, deriving pleasure from sucking, chewing, and biting. This stage is crucial for establishing a sense of trust and security. 2 Anal Stage Between 18 months and three years, children develop an awareness of their bodily functions and experience pleasure through control over their bowels. This stage is associated with the development of independence and self-control. 3 Phallic Stage From ages 3 to 6, children become aware of their genitals and develop a sexual interest in the opposite-sex parent. This stage is marked by the Oedipus complex (for boys) and the Electra complex (for girls). 4 Latency Stage Between ages 6 and puberty, sexual urges are suppressed and children focus on social development, learning, and friendships. This stage is characterized by a period of calm and exploration. 5 Genital Stage During puberty and adulthood, individuals experience a resurgence of sexual urges and focus on establishing mature, intimate relationships. This stage emphasizes the importance of love, intimacy, and procreation.

3. Erickson's Psychosocial Stages of Development Trust vs. Mistrust During infancy, children develop trust in their caregivers based on consistent and responsive care. If these needs are not met, a sense of mistrust may develop. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt In early childhood, children strive for independence and self-control. If their efforts are discouraged or punished, they may develop feelings of shame and doubt. Initiative vs. Guilt During preschool years, children engage in imaginative play and explore their surroundings. If their initiative is stifled or criticized, they may experience feelings of guilt and inadequacy.

4. Similarities and Differences in Developmental Theories Stage-Based Development Both Freud and Erikson viewed development as a series of distinct stages, each characterized by specific challenges and milestones. They believed that successful resolution of these challenges shapes an individual's personality and psychological well-being. Emphasis on Early Childhood Both theories emphasized the significance of early childhood experiences in shaping adult personality and functioning. They believed that experiences during these formative years lay the foundation for later development. Social Influence While Freud focused primarily on internal drives and conflicts, Erikson incorporated social influences and cultural factors, recognizing the role of relationships and social expectations in development. Different Focus Freud focused on the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior, while Erikson emphasized the importance of social interactions and the development of a sense of identity. Erikson's stages are more closely tied to specific social roles and developmental tasks.

5. Freud's Concept of the Unconscious Mind 1 Id The id is the most primitive part of the unconscious, driven by basic instincts and desires, seeking immediate gratification. It operates on the pleasure principle. 2 Ego The ego is the conscious part of the mind, responsible for mediating between the id's demands and the external world. It operates on the reality principle. 3 Superego The superego is the internalized moral compass, representing societal values and expectations. It strives for perfection and can be rigid and critical. 4 Defense Mechanisms The ego employs defense mechanisms to protect itself from anxiety and conflict, such as repression, denial, projection, and displacement.

6. Erickson's Emphasis on Social Influences Social Interactions Erickson believed that social interactions and relationships play a crucial role in shaping identity and personality development. He emphasized the importance of social contexts and cultural influences. Social Roles Each stage of Erikson's theory is associated with specific social roles and challenges, such as the role of the student, the worker, or the parent. Success in these roles contributes to a sense of identity and competence. Social Support Erickson highlighted the importance of social support and guidance in navigating developmental challenges. He believed that positive relationships and a supportive environment contribute to healthy development.

7. Freud's Structural Model of the Psyche Id Ego Superego Instinctual drives Mediator between id and external world Internalized moral compass Pleasure principle Reality principle Perfection principle Unconscious Conscious Partly conscious, partly unconscious

8. Erickson's Perspective on Identity Formation Identity vs. Role Confusion During adolescence, individuals grapple with the question of "Who am I?" and explore different roles and values. Failure to resolve this conflict can lead to identity confusion and difficulty finding a sense of purpose. Intimacy vs. Isolation In young adulthood, individuals seek to form meaningful, intimate relationships. If they are unable to establish these connections, they may experience feelings of isolation and loneliness. Generativity vs. Stagnation During middle adulthood, individuals focus on contributing to society and leaving a lasting legacy. Failure to find meaning in this stage can lead to a sense of stagnation and emptiness. Ego Integrity vs. Despair In late adulthood, individuals reflect on their lives and evaluate their accomplishments. A sense of integrity and acceptance brings a sense of peace, while despair may result from regrets and unfulfilled desires.

9. Applications of Freud and Erickson's Theories 1 Psychotherapy Both theories have been influential in the development of psychotherapy. Freud's theories led to psychoanalysis, which focuses on exploring the unconscious mind and resolving conflicts. 2 Child Development Erikson's theory has been applied to understanding child development and providing support to children facing developmental challenges. 3 Education These theories offer valuable insights into the social and emotional development of children, guiding educators in creating supportive learning environments. 4 Organizational Behavior Erickson's theory has been applied to understanding leadership, motivation, and team dynamics within organizations.

10. Limitations and Criticisms of the Theories Freud Freud's theories have been criticized for their emphasis on sexuality and the unconscious, their lack of empirical support, and their limited focus on social and cultural factors. Erickson Erickson's theory has been criticized for its broad scope and its difficulty in testing and measuring the stages. Some critics argue that the stages are too general and lack specific behavioral indicators. Universality Both theories have been questioned for their universality, as they may not accurately reflect the experiences of people from diverse cultural backgrounds or social contexts.