Dioscorea deltoidea l. and their phyto chemical and phyto constituents

Dioscorea deltoidea l. and their phyto chemica lor phyto constituents present in the plant

1. Dioscorea deltoidea L. From- Chetan K. Chauhan To- Prof.P.Prasad M.sc. (MAP) 3 rd sem

2. Classification Scientific name:- Dioscorea deltoida L. Family:- Dioscoreacea Trade name:- Yam, Ratalu English name:- yam, Rheumatism root, elephant’s foot, wild yam Vernacular name:- singli-mingli , kins , ganj (H.P.), Genthi (UK), Guno mauro , kukkur tarul (Nepali). Parts used:- Tubers, corms.

3. Introduction * Dioscorea , yams, is a genus of over 500 species of usually herbaceous (but sometimes woody) herbaceous perennial vines that produce starchy, edible tuberous roots that are an important source of food in tropical regions worldwide, including Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. The genus belongs to the Dioscoreaceae , the family that contains true yams.

4. Dioscorea species are climbing; roots tuberous; tubers large; stem leafy The stem is a smooth green twiner, about the size of a goose-quill, twining from the right to the left, over fences, bushes, etc. The leaves are symmetrical and heart-shaped, gradually tapering to a sharp, acuminate point , ( taper )and are borne on leaf stalks from 2 to 4 inches long.

5. Geographical distribution D. deltoidea is found growing in north western Himalayas from Kashmir and Punjab to Nepal and china upto an altitude of 1000 to 3000m . It is cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir and in part of Himachal Pradesh. D . Deltoidea is also found in USA and Mexico .

6. Uses Its tuber roots are used in Ayurvedic medicine, roots are used for the preparation of nutritive tonic used in general sexual weakness. The juice of the root tuber is taken in the evening in the treatment of roundworm. Weak bones. Gallbladder problems. Infertility. Menstrual disorder. PMS(Premenstrual syndrome).

7. Anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, diaphoretic (Inducing perspiration ), diuretic , GI tonic, expectorant. Paste of rhizomes is also applied in hair to kill lice and allergic states . The powder from the rhizomes of the plant is taken orally to cures dysentery, abdominal pains and piles .

8. Chemical constituents Steroidal saponin glycosides: dioscin and its aglycone is diosgenin . Small quantity of hecogenin . Resin- botagenin . Alkaloids:dioscorine . Sterol: cholesterol, stigmasterol , P- sitosterol . Enzyme: sapogenase .

9. Climate and soil A sub tropical or sub temperate and humid climate with distinct two to three month of cold winter is ideal for the growth of the plant. Sandy loam soil is most suitable for its cultivation and better yield of corm. The species prefers a more or less neutral soil pH(6.8-7.2) for optimum growth of the tubers.

10. Agro-techniques

11. Propagation material The species can be easily propagated by underground corms or aerial bulbs. Vegetatively propagated plants have relatively faster growth than seedlings. Larger bulbs that are more than 4cm in diameter. November and December are the ideal months for collection of bulbs for propagation. Bulb are buried in soil for protection and used as propagules for next season.

12. Nursery technique Raising propagules  : - Direct planting of the corms or bulb in the field is more effective than transplanting nursery-raised seedlings, hence it is the preferred method. The suitable time for planting corms or bulb April–May in mid-hills. For raising seedlings, seeds are separated from mature fruits collected in November and are sown in spring or early summer . Germination takes about 15–30 days and is less than 40% even under laboratory conditions.

13. Propagule rate and pretreatment   :   About 80–100 kg well-developed bulb or corms are required for plantation on 1 hectare of land at a spacing of 50 cm × 50 cm. No pretreatment is required before sowing the bulbils

14. Planting in the fields Land preparation and fertilizer application   : The planting beds should be tilled properly and made weed-free, and the soil should be well pulverized. Apply FYM @ 25 t/ha at the time of last ploughing. Follow fertilizer schedule of 40:60:120 kg NPK/ha. Planting and optimum spacing   : Plant-to-plant spacing of 50 cm × 50  cm is considered optimum for good growth and yield . This spacing gives an optimum crop stand of 25q plant material per hectare.

15. Plant spacing of 100 cm × 100 cm yields higher number of bulbils per plant; however, the average weight of bulbils as well as their number per unit area are much higher at the spacing of 50 cm × 50 cm. Intercropping system   : The plant is preferred as a solo crop, but needs staking support or host of shrubs and trees . Interculture and maintenance practices   : Applying organic manure @ 15–20 tonnes/ hectare at the time of planting enhances average weight and yield of bulbils. Where sufficient FYM/organic manure is not available, suitable doses of inorganic fertilizers can be given to compensate for FYM for higher yield.

16. The twiner needs staking support to expose maximum foliage area to the sunlight. The plants may be supported by a system of bamboo pillars and string or wooden stakes or trellis . Irrigation practices   :   Only light irrigation to maintain humidity during dry season is recommended through sprinklers. Flood irrigation may result in waterlogging and should be avoided. Weed control   : Manual weeding at monthly intervals during the peak period of weed growth (July–September) controls weeds to a great extent. Disease and pest control  : No serious disease or infestation has been reported in this crop.

17. Harvest management Crop maturity and harvesting   : Bulbils become ready for harvest within 180–200 days from sprouting. The mother corm may be harvested after two to three years. The crop undergoes dormancy during winter . Hence , October–November are the ideal months to harvest bulbils/ underground corms. In subtropical and tropical areas, mid-September to mid-October is the most suitable time. The bulbils should be plucked as and when they become fully grown, otherwise they are shed before the foliage develops.

18. Post-harvest management  :  The corms and bulbils can be stored in gunny or paper bags without causing any adverse effect on the rate of sprouting. There might be delay in sprouting of the bulbils by about two days. Yield :   The crop yields an average of 12 tonnes of fresh corms per hectare in the second year.

19. Economic of cultivation Planting material 25q/ha 100/Kg . 2,50,000 FYM 25 tonnes 500Rs/tons 12,500 Land preparation And ploughing 3,750 Bed preparation 5,000 Fertilizer , spray & other nutrients 5,000 Green manure & mulching 12,500 Weeding & hoeing Twice 7,500 Irrigation 10,000 Sowing 5000 5,000 Uprooting and Washing 12,500 Miscellaneous 10,000 TOTAL EXPENSES 6,17,250 Total yield 120q 20,000rs/q 24,00,000 PARTICULARS QTY. RATE( Rs .) TOTAL( Rs .)

20. THANK YOU