Diphtheria

Diphtheria

1. DIPHTHERIA Presented By Raheela Reg . 15079 Dept . of Microbiology Abasyn University, Peshawar Teacher Dr. Kashif Bashir Assistant Professor Dept. of Microbiology & Biotechnology Abasyn University, Pesha war

2. Table of Contents Introduction Causes Symptoms Treatments Prevention Diagnosis

3. INTRODUCTION

4. DIPHTHERIA Diphtheria  is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae .  Transmitted by respiratory droplets or skin contact. Diphtheria  causes a thick covering in the back of the throat. It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. CDC recommends vaccines for infants, children, teens and adults to prevent  diphtheria .

5. Definition Corynebacteria is a Greek word mean; Koryne mean Club, while bacterion mean little rod. Corynebacterium diphtheriae  is the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria . It is also known as the  Klebs-Löffler bacillus , because it was discovered in 1884 by German  bacteriologists   Edwin Klebs  (1834-1912) and  Friedrich Löffler  (1852–1915).

6. General characteristics of corynebacterium diphtheriae Its gram-positive Catalase-positive Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, Generally nonmotile rods. No spores forming A rrangement of cells in short chains ( "V" or "Y" configurations) or in clumps resembling "Chinese letters " Size: 0.3 um to 1 um in diameter and 1.0 um to 8.0 um in length   Fastidious; Slow growth on enriched medium    Corynebacteria possess capsular (K) and somatic antigens (O)

7. Diphtheria Clinical Features Incubation period 2-5 days (range, 1-10 days) May involve any mucous membrane Classified based on site of infection Anterior nasal Tonsillar and pharyngeal Laryngeal Cutaneous Ocular Genital

8. Causes Corynebacterium diphtheriae  causes diphtheria. usually the bacteria multiply on or near the surface of the mucous membranes of the throat, where they cause inflammation. The bacteria most commonly infect nose and throat. The bacteria release dangerous substances called toxins . The toxins spread through bloodstream and often cause a thick, gray coating to form in these areas of the body: Like, Nose , Throat. Tongue, Airway

9. Cont … In some cases, these toxins can also damage other organs, including the heart,  brain , and  kidneys . This can lead to potentially life-threatening complications, such as: Myocarditis , or inflammation of the heart muscle Paralysis Kidney failure

10. S ymptoms of diphtheria Signs of diphtheria often appear within two to five days of the infection occurring. The most visible and common symptom of diphtheria is a thick, gray coating on the throat and  tonsils . Other common symptoms include: F ever Chills Swollen glands in the neck A loud, barking  cough A sore throat Bluish skin

11. Cont … Additional symptoms may occur as the infection progresses, including: difficulty  breathing  or  swallowing changes in vision slurred speech signs of  shock , such as  pale  and  cold  skin,  sweating , and a  rapid heartbeat Diphtheria of the skin usually causes ulcer and redness in the affected area.

12. Treatment Prevention of further toxin production. Control of local infection. Reduction of transmission Antibiotics Penicillin G (1200 mg,6 hourly i.v. )or amoxicillin (500mg,8 hourly)should be administered for 2 weeks to eliminat c.diphtheriae . Erythromycin orally or by injection (40 50mg,kg,day: maximum 2gm,kg,day)for 14days

13. P revention Diphtheria is easily prevented with the use of a safe and effective vaccine Most people receive their first vaccination for the disease as children. This is know as the DPT vaccine diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis

14. Diagnosis Culturing: ( Clinical specimens), from nose or throat. Selactive Media used are, (   cysteine- tellurite agar ;  serum tellurite agar & Blood agar) ICT ELISA PCR

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