Diphtheria Clinical Case by Slidesgo (1).pptx

Caso clínico sobre DIPTERIA

1. Entamoeba histolytica: an Overview Names: Estefanía Chuisaca, Cristina Picón, Mishel Muñoz, Andrea Albán and Daniel Amaguaña

2. Historical Background Unicellular protozoan parasite Causative of serious or fatal intestinal or extra-intestinal diseases. Genders E. histolytica E. dispar E. mshkoveskii E. hartmanii E. polecki Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii were detected as the cause of asymptomatic carriers E. histolytica is considered a major cause of traveler's diarrhea. Entamoeba histolytica Background Losch discovered amoebic trophozoites in the feces of a patient suffering from severe dysentery in 1875. The definitive association of amoeba with disease was established by Kock and Gaffky in 1887 and Kartulis in 1889. Presence of red blood cells within trophozoites In 1903 the name "HYSTOLITICA" was suggested, which means tissue destruction. This name was given to the hematophagous and teratogenic form of quadrinuclear cysts. The species has a development similar to E. coli which reduces the natural resistance of the host. Amoebas feed, feed, grow and reproduce at the expense of living colon tissue.

3. Morphology and Biology Entamoeba histolytica occurs in the following forms, the trophozoites, precyst, cyst, metacyst, and metacystic trophozoite. The trophozoite is about 10–60 μm Mature cyst has an average size of around 12–13 μm

4. Life cycle of E. histolytica/dispar in the intestine

5. Factors as illiteracy, poverty, low socio-economic standards including bad sanitation, improper water supply, and overcrowding contribute positively to the increased rates of transmission of the parasite and disease Amebiasis is responsible for around 100,000 deaths/year, mainly in Central and South America, Africa, and India The infection usually prevails in two extremes of age: the children and the old individuals Deaths Patients Reask Epidemiology

6. A moebas begin to secrete their lytic enzymes which include pore-forming proteins, lipases, and cysteine ​​proteases, that initiate a process of cell necrosis and apoptosis in the colonic epithelial cells affected. Pathophysiology Recurrence of infection to cell-mediated immunity should be delimited and prevented Direct spread can carry E. histolytica trophozoites to other organs of the body such as the lungs Brain causing a brain abscess and / or may spread to the genitals and urinarygry infection

7. Clinical Picture Present in the form of abdominal cramps, diarrhea Fatigue, excessive gas,rectal pain "tenesmus" and weight loss. Severe fulminant disease may occur after an incubation period a period of 7 to 28 Diagnosis requires the combination of clinical, radiological and immunological tests logical methods.

8. The most common sites of Amebomas are the cecum and the ascending colon Colonoscopy shows an ulcerated mass on the wall of the cecum Radiological examination of local thickening of the wall of the cecum. Histological examination reveals multiple crypt abscesses Diagnosis Result of deep invasion of the colon wall by invasive trophozoites of E. histolytica Ameboma

9. Diagnosis Identification of haematophagous trophozoites in fresh stool smears Microscopy growth of the parasite in the presence of an undefined flora. Culture Detection of coproantigen of E. histolytica by ELISA, immunochromatographic assays Antigen Detection Detect s antibodies against E. histolytica in their sera. ELISA. Antibody Detection PCR Molecular Techniques I mmunofluorescent assay (IFA) , indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA), immunoelectrophoresis Others

10. Treatment METRONIDAZOLE WHO A ntimicrobial effect against the anaerobic bacteria and protozo Metronidazole is a 5-nitroimidazole derivative. In case of invasive amebiasis, 35–50 mg/kg/day in three divided doses after meals for 8–10 days, Tinidazol WHO More effective in lower doses

11. Control and prevention personal hygiene avoid infected people wash fruits and vegetables Genotyping of E. histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii

12. Conclusion Big problem, third cause of death. O ccurs as a result of an infection of E Histolytica The infection can be asymptomatic and also cause death The prevalence of amebiasis all over the world has dropped significantly after improvement of the diagnostic methods that could differentiate E. histolytica from the other nonpathogenic strains. The role of E. dispar is still very vague, although it is considered as nonpathogenic since decades. Cases could be treated successfully with metronidazole or tinidazole plus tissue amebicides.

13. El-Dib, N.A. Entamoeba histolytica : an Overview. Curr Trop Med Rep 4, 11–20 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-017-0100-z References

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15. Contraindications & indications Here you can describe the reason to stop the treatment Here you can describe the reason to stop the treatment Here you can describe the reason to stop the treatment Indications Here you can describe the reason to stop the treatment Here you can describe the reason to stop the treatment Here you can describe the reason to stop the treatment Contraindications

16. Case timeline Day 01 Saturn is the ringed one Day 02 Mercury is a small planet Day 03 Neptune is far away Day 04 Mars is a cold place Day 05 Jupiter is the biggest Week 01 It’s the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest Week 02 Earth is the third planet from the Sun

17. Our team John James Planet Venus has a beautiful name, but it’s very hot Jenna Doe Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust Sarah Patt Neptune is the fourth-largest planet in the Solar System Jenna Doe It is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System

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