Disaster management

disaster nursing

1. DISASTER NURSING

2. INTRODUCTION Disasters have been integral part of the human experience since the beginning of time causing premature death, impaired quality of life, and alter health status. The word disaster derives from Greek prefix ‘dus’ which means bad and ‘aster’ which means star . Developing countries suffer the greatest when a disaster hits.

3. 95% of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries loses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater in developing countries.

4. WHAT IS DISASTER???????

5. DISASTER Disaster is any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life or deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area. (WHO 1995)

6. A disaster can be defined as " any occurrence either natural or manmade that cause human sufferings and creates human needs that victim cannot live without assistance." American Red Cross(ARC)

7. ‘DISASTER’ alphabetically means D - Destructions I - Incidents S - Sufferings A - Administrative, Financial Failures . S - Sentiments T - Tragedies E - Eruption of Communicable diseases. R - Research programme and its implementation

8. Classification of disasters ( origin/ cause)

9. Classification of Disaster( speed of onset)

10. Natural disasters Definition A natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage and typically leave some economic damage in its wake the severity of which depends on the affected population's of resilience or ability to recover. Natural disaster is any catastrophic event that is caused by natural or the natural process of the earth.

11. A sudden and terrible event in nature that usually results in serious damage and many deaths. Natural hazards can be classified into; Hydro-Meteorological disaster Geographical disaster Biological disaster

12. The man made disaster classified into; Technological disaster Environmental degradation

13. Levels of disaster According to the magnitude of the disaster in relation to the ability of the agency for community the disasters are classified into; Level 1: If the organization, agency, or community table to contain the event and respond effectively utilizing its on resources. Level 2: If the disaster request assistance from external sources, but this can be obtained from nearby agencies.

14. Level 3: If the disaster is of a magnitude that exceeds the capacity of the local community origin and request assistant from state-level or even Federal assets.

15. Levels of Disaster Level III – Minor disaster. Involves minimal level of damage. Level II – Moderate level. The local & community resources to be mobilized. Level I – Massive disaster. Involves severe damage & impact.

16. Key Elements of Disaster Disasters result from the combination of HAZARDS, conditions of VULNERABILITY & inefficient CAPACITY or measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of RISK. HAZARDS: defined as “ Phenomena that pose a threat to people, structures, or economic assets and which may cause a disaster. They could be either manmade or naturally occurring in our environment”

17. VULNERABILITY: It is the condition determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. CAPACITY: It is the combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster.

18. RISK: It is the probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.

19. Health Effects of Disaster Premature deaths, illnesses and injuries in affected community. Destruction of the local health care infrastructure. Destruction of routine health care services Environmental imbalances. Increased risk of communicable diseases and environmental hazards.

20. Destruction in psychological, emotional, and social well-being of the affected community. Shortages of food and severe nutritional deficiencies. Creates refugees.

21. Disaster Nursing Disaster Nursing can be defined as the adaptation of professional nursing skills in recognizing and meeting the nursing physical and emotional needs resulting from a disaster

22. Goals of Disaster Nursing The overall goal of disaster nursing is to achieve the best possible level of health for the people and the community involved in the disaster. The other goals are; Determine magnitude of the event. Define health needs of the affected people. Meet the immediate basic survival needs of population. Appraise both risk and resources in the environment.

23. Establish priorities and objectives. Identify actual & potential health problems. Determine resources needed to respond to the needs identified. Correct inequalities in access to health care or appropriate resources. Empower survivors to participate in and advocate for their own health and well being. Respect cultural, lingual and religious diversity.

24. Promote the highest achievable quality of life for survivors. Collaborate with other professional disciplines, agencies etc. Maintain a unified chain of command. Communication.

25. Principles of Disaster Nursing Rapid assessment of the situation and of nursing care needs. Triage and initiation of life-saving measures first. The selected use of essential nursing interventions and the elimination of nonessential nursing activities. Adaptation of necessary nursing skills to disaster and other emergency situations. The nurse must use imagination and resourcefulness in dealing with a lack of supplies, equipment, and personnel.

26. Evaluation of the environment and the mitigation or removal of any health hazards. Prevention of further injury or illness. Leadership in coordinating patient triage, care, and transport during times of crisis. The teaching, supervision, and utilization, of auxillary medical personnel and volunteers. Provision of understanding, compassion, and emotional support to all victims and their families.

27. PHASES OF THE DISASTER

28. Stages of Post impact phase

29. Disaster Management

30. Disaster Management Disaster management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.

31. Principles of Disaster Management Prevention of occurrence : Preventing further causalities after initial impact depends on evaluating and lessening any unsafe conditions present after the disaster. Minimize the causalities: The dangers to be removed / isolated immediately to prevent further injury / death.

32. Prevent further causalities: Periodic physical assessments of the disaster scene are essential to make certain the area is safe. Rescue the victim: It involves locating & freeing trapped victims and then evacuating them to a safe place. Provide first aid: Evacuate injured to medical facilities: Evacuation must be done in an orderly but timely fashion.

33. Provide definitive medical care: Medical care depends on an existing disaster plan and adequately trained disaster personnel. Promote reconstruction of lives: Reconstruction of the victim’s life begins with initial care continuous until the victim has recovered.

34. Disaster Management Cycle Five basic phases are there in Disaster management cycle

35. DISASTER IMPACT & RESPONSE The response phase is the actual implementation of the disaster plan. Response activities need to be continually monitored and adjusted to the changing situation. Most injuries are sustained during the impact, so the greatest need for emergency care occur in the first few hours.

36. RECOVERY All agencies are pulled together to restore the economic and civic life of the community. EVALUATION & DEVELOPMENT After a disaster, employees and the community are anxious to return to usual operations. It is a formal evaluation be done to determine what went well and what problems were identified. A specific individual should be charged with evaluation and follow-through activities.

37. MITIGATION I t is the action or measure that are either prevent the occurrence of a disaster or reduce the severity of the effect. Mitigation Activities Awareness and education Training of staffs Installing and maintaining backup generator power to mitigate the effects of a power failure. Disaster prevention.

38. PREPAREDNESS/RISK REDUCTION Disaster preparedness refers to measures taken to prepare for and reduce the effects of disasters. Helps to predict and, where possible, prevent disasters, mitigate their impact on vulnerable populations, and respond to and effectively cope with their consequences. Disaster preparedness is a continuous and integrated process resulting from a wide range of risk reduction activities.

39. NURSES ROLE IN PREPAREDNESS Personal Preparedness Professional Preparedness Community preparedness

40. MANAGEMENT OF MASS CASUALITIES. Search , Rescue & First aid Field care Triage

41. Triage Word derived from the French word “ TRIER” means, “ to sort out or choose” . “Triage is the process which places the right patient in the right place at the right time to receive the right level of care.” ( Rice & Abel, 1992)

42. NEEDS OF DISASTER TRIAGE Inadequate resource to meet immediate needs. Infrastructure limitations. Inadequate hazard preparation. Limited transport capabilities. Multiple agencies responding Hospital resources overwhelmed.

43. TYPES OF TRIAGE.