Disaster management cycle

Disaster management cycle

1. Dr Fayaz A. Malla Assistant Professor, Environmental Sciences GDC Pulwama Higher Education Department, Govt. of J&K Email: [email protected] Disaster Management

2. Introduction Disaster management is an applied science which seeks by systematic observation and analysis of disasters to improve measures relating to prevention, mitigation, preparedness, emergency, response and recovery.

3.  A disaster is a situation in which the community is incapable of coping. It is a natural or human-caused event which causes intense negative impacts on people, goods, services and/or the environment, exceeding the affected community’s capability to respond; therefore the community seeks the assistance of government and international agencies Introduction

4. Mitigation : Measures put in place to minimize the results from a disaster. Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education. Preparedness : Planning how to respond. Examples: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems. Response : Initial actions taken as the event takes place. It involves efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster. Examples: evacuation; search and rescue; emergency relief. Recovery : Returning the community to normal. Ideally, the affected area should be put in a condition equal to or better than it was before the disaster took place. Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care. Disaster Management Cycle

5. Prevention Rescue Structural Measures Warning and Evacuation Non-Structural Measures Planning of Disaster Response Reconstruct. & Recovery Risk Analysis DISASTER MANAGEMENT MITIGATION RESPONSE Risk Assessment Preparedness Hazard Assessment Vulnerability Analysis Relief Rehab LONG TERM MEASURES Being done efficiently Needs better Planning No Substantial Work done so far Note DISASTER MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM

6. Structural mitigation – construction projects which reduce economic and social impacts i.e. dams, windbreaks, terracing and hazard resistant buildings. Non-structural activities – policies and practices which raise awareness of hazards or encourage developments to reduce the impact of disasters Stage 1: Disaster Mitigation

7.  Reviewing building codes.  Vulnerability analysis updates.  Zoning and land-use management and planning.  Reviewing of building use regulations and safety codes.  Implementing preventative health measures  Political intervention and commitment  Public awareness Disaster Mitigation includes

8. Various mitigation strategies or measures- For instance, varieties of crops that are more wind, flood or drought resistant can often be introduced in areas prone to floods, drought and cyclones, Economic diversification. Strategies Community based Mitigation Government Establishments Government Based mitigation Top –Down approach Bottom-Up approach

9. Investment in infrastructure to support sustainable socioeconomic development Investment in infrastructure for reconstruction and recovery. i . A backup generator is available in case of power failure and that a battery-operated radio . ii. A backup copy of all critical information iii. The preliminary design should take into consideration the prevalent hazards and methods to avoid or to minimize the effects of the extreme natural events. iv. Strengthening vulnerable areas such as roofs, exterior doors, windows, and garage doors Disaster mitigation and Infrastructure

10. Disasters set back development programming, destroying years of development initiatives. Rebuilding after a disaster provides significant opportunities to initiate development programmes Development programmes can increase an area’s susceptibility to disasters Development programmes can be designed to decrease the susceptibility to disasters and their negative consequences Disaster and Development

11. Partnership -close collaboration among donors, governments, communities, nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, and universities Flexibility -. Development agencies must be efficient and flexible; adaptable to local environments and capable of adjusting to changing conditions and seizing opportunities when they arise. Selectivity -resources are the public asset that must be invested prudently to achieve maximum impact. Development initiatives for countries faced disaster

12. Preparedness measures include: Preparedness plans Emergency exercises/training Warning systems Emergency communications systems Evacuations plans and training Resource inventories Emergency P ersonnel/contact list. Mutual aid agreements Public information/education Stage 2: Preparedness

13. Develop and test warning systems regularly and plan measures to be taken during a disaster alert period to minimize potential loss of life and physical damage. Educate and train officials and the population at risk to respond to the disaster. Train first-aid and emergency response teams. Establish emergency response policies, standards, organizational arrangements and operational plans to be followed by emergency workers and other response entities after a disaster. Important Activities

14. It forms the action plan to be implemented before, during and after disasters. The IFRCRCS ( International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies) defines risk reduction as physical measures to reduce the vulnerability and exposure of infrastructure to natural hazards as well and to provide coping and adaptive infrastructure in case of a disaster event. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

15. Policy, planning and capacity building in disaster management Physical prevention; example, building sea- walls against storm surge or flood shelters during flood events Capacity building at institutional and systemic level in disaster preparedness . C ontinued provision of food, potable water and health care. DRR Recommendations

16. EOP allows the community to respond to threats. E ngages responders in the short-term recovery M ust be flexible to be valuable in real and potential emergencies. It doesn’t include the administrative plan , the mitigation strategy, the long term recovery or the Standard Operational procedures. Emergency Operation Plan (EOP)

17. 20 Stage 3: Disaster Response Aim of Disaster Response Eva c u a ti o n, Mi g r a ti o n, a d min i s t r a ti n g fi r st-a i d, transportation of affected people to hospital Discuss the restoration of essential services. Rescue work Ideal Command Centre Modern and traditional methods of response

18. Eva c u a ti o n, Mi g r a ti o n, a d min i s t r a ti n g fi r st-a i d, transportation of affected people to hospital Discuss the restoration of essential services. Rescue work Ideal Command Centre Modern and traditional methods of response

19. The mission of the response phase is to meet the basic needs of the people until more permanent and sustainable solutions are formulated. There is growing awareness of costs a s s o c i ated with i mp r o p e r ma n a g em e nt of disasters and hence communities and government are trying hard to improve the first responder efforts. 22 Disaster response is aimed at providing instant support to maintain life and health of the affected population. There is a wide array of response activities carried out after disaster like first-aid, transportation, shelter and food, initial repairs to damaged infrastructure.

20. The level & kind of disaster response depends on a number of factors – the scale of disaster , the nature and number of affected people and site-specific conditions . Response comprises the decisions and actions taken to deal with an urgent situation that has adversely affected life and property . It calls for collaboration, coordination and communication between agencies involved in administrating rescue and relief operations. The main aim of response is to save and protect human life.

21. The other aims of response are- To guarantee the continued existence of the maximum possible number of affected population and ensuring that they are in the best possible physical and mental health in the circumstances. To reinstate critical services and provide food, clothing and water. To restore or replace demolished or damaged infrastructure . To make alternate housing arrangements in camps. To help in relieving suffering . To protect the health and safety of responding personnel .

22. AN INTELLIGENT CITY KNOWS WHAT IS HAPPENING AND WHAT TO DO WHEN PEOPLE, BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE ARE THREATENED

23. COMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS NATURAL HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY IENCE FOUR PILLARS OF RESILIENCE

24. Disaster Medical Response Phases Notification (recognition) Search and rescue Triage Medical care of disaster victims Disaster communications Record keeping Transportation and evacuation Debriefing/CISD Recovery

25. Disaster Response The benefits and drawbacks of: Internal (Local) Response External (National or International) Response

26. Disaster Response Local response most effective first 24 hour EMS driven External response ultimate responsibility may designate lead agency health, foreign affairs, public works, agriculture, education

27. Internal Response Management Strengths Rapid response Socially and culturally appropriate Family and community support Assists in immediate recovery Reduces dependency Builds upon local response mechanisms Develops internal capacity

28. Internal Response Management Limitations Limited capacity Limited experience and planning Lack of large scale sectoral ability Lack of coordination on large scale Lack of large scale funding Lack of monitoring Limited ability to address prevention and preparedness

29. External Response Management Strengths Large scale assistance Expertise in disaster response Dedicated disaster funding Sector specific support On site organization and coordination

30. External Response Management Limitations Duplication of services Draws from local capacity building Non-sustained funding and dependency Culturally and socially problematic Lack of standardization of NGO response Difficult to coordinate and monitor Unrealistic expectations of donor assistance Local partners overloaded Program is poorly conceptualized

31. Control Process and Measurement Controlling is a systematic efforts by which it is ensured that plans are strictly followed and actual performance is measured and compared with that standard performance . At the planning level , the tasks and roles are clearly stated and responders are made aware of their responsibilities . This helps them to control their behavior and priorities their tasks .

32. Control Process and Measurement The control process is a three step process- Setting performance standards. Measuring actual performance. Comparing actual performance with standards.

33. Security Issues It is vital to ensure the security of the most vulnerable population that is women, children and the elderly . Generally , it is seen that security is not always a priority issue after a disaster because rescue and relief operations are considered paramount . Along with police, military personnel are also deployed to respond to a disaster.

34. Security Issues vulnerabilities of the physical security and disaster-affected areas Given the state of affected community , public order in the should be established . It h e l p s preven t t he p u b l ic orde r fr o m tu r n i n g into an undesirable state of panic and chaos .

35. Evacuation and Migration Evacuation involves the r e l o c a ti o n of in d iv i du a l s an d m e mbe r s of the a f f e c t ed community from risk-zone to a safer location . Evacuation can help individual and communities avoid the aftermath of disasters such as building collapse, outbreak of diseases , etc.

36. Evacuation and Migration People are reluctant to evacuate even in the most dangerous situations because of inadequate social or economical resources . The t h r e e p r e -r e q u i s it e s o f e f f ec tive evacuation are: A P l an o f action an d place to relocate the evacuees. Clear identification of escape routes . A time l y and acc u r ate w a r n ing system to i n form about the exact turn of events.

37. Evacuation and Migration Evacuation is immediate and urgent movement of people away from the threat or actual occurrence of a rapid onset of a disaster. This type of migration is temporary in nature and after the crisis is over the families return to their homes.

38. Administering First-Aid The p r o c e s s o f add r e s s i ng the need s o f a is ph y sical l y in j ur e d or is d i s t r e s s ed is r e fe r r e d to as person who p s y c h o l o g i c a lly first-aid. Though first-aid is not substitute for professional medical help, but still it can make a difference between life and death .

39. Administering First-Aid When addressing the first-aid after disasters, there are certain aspects that need to be taken care of – Check the surroundings. Seek help whenever necessary. Remain with the victim. Stay Calm. Determine responsiveness. Help to stop bleeding first. Psychological support.

40. Administering First-Aid Tra i n i ng in fi r s t -a i d sho u ld b e ma d e compulsory at S chool and College level . The kind of first-aid differs according to the nature of disaster. First-aid training must be packaged in a way that ‘clearly outlines its aims, mechanism, when it is used, where it can be applied and who benefits from its use, who can deliver it ’.

41. Mobilization and Restoration of Essential Services To ensure effective command and control of an emergency situation , it is crucial that essential services are organized . Telephone Lines Electricity and power supply Drinking water supply & non-perishable food Alternate roads

42. Search and rescue Work Disaster response activities begin with the detection of the crisis and end with the normalization of the situation following impact. The response activities entail triggering search and rescue mechanism to find the injured, providing emergency medical care and transferring them to safe places .

43. Search and rescue Work The response phase differs from other phases of disaster management in the sense that there are two important aspects namely, uncertainty and urgency . The emergency response actions should be well coordinated with disaster recovery as they form the foundation for carrying out recovery activities.

44. Modern and Traditional Methods of Response The responses to disasters may utilize a mix of methods from traditional to modern . The situation and nature of the affected population play a decisive role in choosing an effective response mechanism . Traditional methods of response have been used since long and they are the most common and practical methods of response .

45. Modern and Traditional Methods of Response They e n ta i l a s s is t a n t p r o v i d e d in the fo r m of food, shelter materials, blankets , etc. Money is also provided so that affected people can buy things according to their needs . Cha r it a b l e o r g a n i z a ti o ns of f er h e lp to communities that have suffered a disaster . N e w tech n o l o g i e s ca n b e v e ry usef u l and powerful in disaster response .

46. Modern and Traditional Methods of Response These basically form the basis of the modern methods of disaster response . Mobile phones can act as warning devices . SMS provided by operators can prove to be useful medium to send warning signals of immediate threat . GPS for tracing location of victims .

47. Modern and Traditional Methods of Response The disaster management team also uses the potential of mapping technologies , such as geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing (satellite imagery) and global positioning system (GPS) , to aid emergency response operations.

48. Modern and Traditional Methods of Response Remote Sensing : the scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it. Visible and Reflective Infrared remote sensing. Thermal Infrared Remote sensing. Microwave Remote sensing. GIS – GIS is a system that collects, displays, ma n a g e s and analyzes geographic information . 3. Other Methods – Soci a l Media & Soci a l networking.

49. A Model of an Ideal Command Centre Incident command center is a standardized , on-scene, all-hazard incident management concept. The primary role of this center is the coordination of efforts for effective and efficient management of incident . When any disastrous event occurs, they first identify and assess the situation .

50. A Model of an Ideal Command Centre The functions of an Incident Command Centre are: Development of objectives . Preparation of Incident Action Plan to meet incident objectives, collection and evaluation of information.

51. A Model of an Ideal Command Centre The functions of an Incident Command Centre are: Maintenance of resource status and incident documentation. Pro v i d i n g l o g i s t i cs s u p p o rt to me e t operational objectives. Fin a n c i a l a d mi n i s tr a ti o n t o mo n it o r c o st s , accounting, procurement and cost analysis.