Disaster Management Flooding and Landslide

Management of disaster on the basis of Guidelines framework, of landslide & Flooding with the respective case study and flood forecasting and management

1. FLOOD A flood is submerging of normally dry land by an overflow of water. It can be localized event affecting a small area of land or a very big disaster that can have impact on whole island or river basin. URBAN FLOODS TYPE OF FLOOD Duration of flood Slow-Onset Floods: can last for longer period Rapid-Onset Floods: shorter period like one or two days. Flash Floods: Flash Floods may occur within minutes or a few hours after heavy rainfall, tropical storm, failure of dams or levees or releases of ice dams.

2. FLOODING CAUSES

3. FLOODING CAUSES There are various causes resulting in flooding :-

4. Collapse of bridge Train lines damaged FLOODING EFFECTS Heavy damage to property Infrastructure affected

5. FLOODING issues India Floods cause damage to houses, industries, public utilities and property resulting in huge economic losses, apart from loss of lives.

6. GAPS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT DM 2005 guidelines recognize the fact that there is a lack of coordination The financial aspects for implementation The timelines proposed for the Implementation- long gestation period. Institutional related to flooding management National Disaster Management Authority The Central Flood Control Board (CFCB) Central Water Commission Ganga Flood Control Board Brahmaputra Board India Meteorological Department National Remote Sensing Agency National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting River Basin Organisations National Flood Management Institute

7. FLOODING forecasting long time-series of historical data of rainfall Radar estimates of rainfall and general weather forecasting techniques FLOODING management Use of Remote Sensing and GIS • Research and Development • Weather / Rainfall Forecasting • FF Modelling • Capacity Building • International Cooperation

8. National Disaster Management Guidelines • To minimise vulnerability to floods and loss of lives, livelihood systems, property and damage to infrastructure & utilities • Flood damage assessment be made on a realistic and scientific basis and recorded basin- /sub-basin-wise. • Performance evaluation of a large number of FM schemes be carried out and their impact on the socio economic development of the protected area be assessed. • The use of flood plains be regulated and a suitable legislation for flood plain zoning be enacted and enforced. • Water Resources planning and construction be basin wise and basin organizations be set up. • Storages and measures for FM and flood space in reservoirs be provided to the extent feasible and flood control not relegated to a non- priority activity as against competing water requirements for hydropower and Irrigation purposes. • International dimensions of problem of floods be kept in mind and the GOI should play an important role in the matter. • Requisite funds be made available for construction of new and maintenance of existing works. • Emphasis be laid on research, education and training on FM.

9. 2012 BRAHAMAPUTRA FLOOD In July 2012, Brahmaputra flooded since it was natural but it grabs a spot at number 2 and eye-catching event because the main area which was affected included Kaziranga National Park, a park which is the natural habitat of Rhinos. It cause a death of 540 animals including 13 Rhinos. The main reasons behind this calamity is the deforestation

10. Embankments/Banks, Flood Walls, Flood Levees Dams, Reservoirs and other Water Storages Channel Improvement Desilting/Dredging of Rivers Drainage Improvement Diversion of Flood Water Catchment Area Treatment/Afforestation Anti-erosion Works Sea Walls/Coastal Protection Works Alignment, Location, Design and Provision of Waterway i.e. Vents, Culverts, Bridges and Causeways in highways etc. MEASURES Mitigation by medical preparedness and evacuation plan

11. Housing Infrastructure Recommendations on Retrofitting and renovation of buildings Improving the condition of informal settlements Minimum access roads for clumsy settlements Service Infrastructure Improving sanitation Increasing the capacity of s.w.d Upgrading emergency services Enforcing on site fire fighting capability in hazardous industries Land use policies Improvement and protection of landfill sites Decongestion Control on land reclamation Shifting of storage and hazardous units from residential areas Increasing Adaptive capacity of the construction sector which means repair the damaged quickly as possible Reducing indirect losses from flooding by provision of insurance. MITIGATION

12. EXISTING STRATEGIES   Report drafted in 2004 provides broad guidelines to exercise mitigation strategies: Every department should have appropriate funds for preparedness. The projects incorporating mitigation measures, in their plans, should be given priority over the other projects to be approved. Involvement of the general public and generation of awareness  A close interaction should be established between the “corporate sector, non-governmental organizations and the media,” disaster managers at different levels of the government should be appropriately “trained.  during the emergencies, arrangements should be made to share resources such as power, food and funds amongst the states. All the vital buildings in flood prone zones they should be strengthened or remodeled to deal with the expected disasters in the future. Major recommendations in the BRIMSTOWAD report, 1993 Removal of obstructions , t o rehabilitate old/dilapidated SWD system in City and augmentation of SWD in certain stretches, to remove encroachments. To change the design criteria from 25 mm/ hr to 50 mm/ hr rainfall intensity and coefficient of runoff as 1.00 from earlier value of 0.50. To augment the SWD system with tidal effects and widen. To augment railway culverts at various flood prone areas To provide pumping stations at the city outfalls at Haji Ali, Love Grove and Worli . Role of the Government Decentralizing the decision-making process to the local level to ensure prompt action. Reframing existing framework   The Role of the Private Sector: Public private partnership in mitigation Non governmental organization.

13. National Disaster Management Guidelines. Structure of Guidelines Chapter 1 provides an introductory review about how urban flooding is different from riverine flooding, factors contributing to urban flooding, different weather systems in India, variability of rainfall, different city scenarios and genesis of the Guidelines. Chapter 2 provides present status of the institutional framework at the national, state and the local levels, role of central ministries and departments, states and urban local bodies and other local authorities/organizations. Chapter 3 discusses present status of flood forecasting, warning and communication system. The gaps are identified and recommendations have been made for enhancing capabilities, using state-of-the-art equipment. Chapter 4 reviews the existing international and national status, practices for the design and maintenance of urban drainage systems. Gaps have been identified and recommendations made to develop efficient drainage systems with improved operations and maintenance actions. Chapter 5 covers urban flood risk management issues, vulnerability analysis, risk assessment and hazard mapping, damage assessment and data generation options, etc. Chapter 6 looks at town planning concepts, central and state legislations and a gist of relevant provisions under layout approvals and building permissions. Chapter 7 deals with response actions including putting in place an incident response system. Chapter 8 deals with capacity development at institutional and community levels, awareness generation and the role of different stakeholders and the need for proper documentation of events and actions. GUIDELINES Chapter 9 deals with implementation strategies, mainstreaming of DM into development planning, role of nodal ministry, mobilization of financial resources and implementation methodology, etc. Chapter 10 provides the chapter-wise summary of action points. 2.Under AMRUT mission Urban Flooding Standard Operating Procedure(SOP) document has been prepared.

14. LANDSLIDE A landslide is a downward or outward movement of soil, rock or vegetation , under the influence of gravity . Three distinct physical events occur during a landslide: the initial slope failure, the subsequent transport, and the final deposition of the slide materials. TYPES OF LANDSLIDES Rotational slides: move along a surface of rupture that is curved and concave Translational slides occurs when the failure surface is approximately flat Rock Fall: Free falling of detached bodies of bedrock (boulders) from a cliff. Rock toppling occurs when one or more rock units rotate about their base. Lateral spreading occurs when the soil mass spreads laterally and crack happen. Debris Flow: Down slope movement

15. Landslides are a natural hazard that affect at least 15 per cent of the land area of our country, covering an area of more than 0.49 million sq. km,. There are more than 25 river dam projects on the river Ganga and its tributaries in the hills alone. A number of tunnels and towers have inflicted heavy damages to the slopes Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping LANDSLIDE

16. EFFECTS AND LOSSES DUE TO LANDSLIDES A) Direct Effects: Physical Damage -Debris may block roads, supply lines (telecommunication, electricity, water, etc.) and waterways. Causalities - deaths and injuries to people and animals. B) Indirect Effects: Influence of landslides in dam safety- failure of the slopes bordering the reservoir, Flooding caused by movements of large masses of soil into the reservoir. 13 Landslides and flooding- Debris flow can cause flooding by blocking valleys and stream channels, C) Direct losses: Loss of life, property, infrastructure and lifeline facilities, etc. D) Indirect losses: Loss in productivity of agricultural or forest lands, Reduced property values, Loss of revenue, Increased cost, Adverse effect on water quality and Loss of human productivity, LANDSLIDE FOCUS AREA FOR LANDSLIDE

17. LANDSLIDE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR LANDSLIDE The system consists in 13 wire extensometers, 1 thermometer, 1 rain gauge and 3 cameras. An early warning system was set up on a rock wedge of 182,000 m 3  menacing a street. ► It includes a wireless sensor network with 13 extensometers and other sensors. ► Alarm levels and thresholds based on the characteristics of the site were selected. ► The system is simple and flexible and some ideas can be used for similar cases.

18. Restricting Development in Landslide-Prone Areas Codes for Excavation, Construction, and Grading Protecting Existing Developments Monitoring and Warning Systems Landmass Improvement Techniques Strengthening of Buildings and Safety of Critical Facilities from Slides Mitigation Measures for Landslide Dams Protection of Heritage Structures Technical Audits and Monitoring Creation of Public Awareness on Landslide Risk Reduction Landslide Preparedness Medical Preparedness LANDSLIDE GUIDELINES

19. Highlights of important recommendations in guidelines Developing and continuously updating the inventory of landslide incidences affecting the country. landslide hazard zonation mapping in macro and meso scales after identification and prioritization of the areas Taking up pilot projects in different regions of the country with a view to carry out detailed studies and monitoring of selected landslides to assess their stability status and estimate risk. setting pace setter examples for stabilisation of slides and also setting up early warning systems Complete site specific studies of major landslides and plan treatment measures, and encourage state governments to continue these measures. Setting up of institutional mechanisms for generating awareness and preparedness about landslide hazard among various stakeholders. Enhancing landslide education, training of professionals and capacity development of organisations working in the field of landslide management. Capacity development and training to make the response regime more Strategies for landslide risk treatment landslide risk treatment is the ultimate objective of the risk management process which aims to mitigate the effects of the hazard. This encompasses a five-pronged strategy comprising: • Treating vulnerable slopes and existing hazardous landslides. • Restricting development in landslide-prone areas. • Preparing codes for excavation, construction and grading. • Protecting existing developments. • Monitoring and warning systems. • Putting in place arrangements for landslide insurance and compensation for losses LANDSLIDE GUIDELINES

20. REGULATION AND ENFORCEMENT The state governments/SDMAs in consultation with the NDMA will establish the necessary techno-legal and techno-financial mechanisms Model Town Planning and Land Use Bye-Laws Indian Standard Codes: i )The BIS will place all Indian standards ii) A periodic revision of the codes and standards Techno-Legal Regime land use zoning and landslide safety issues in all development activities Licensing and Certification The NDMA and the nodal agency for techno-legal framework for making the licensing of professionals mandatory CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT The target groups identified for capacity development will include scientific and technical institutions, elected representatives, government officials, professionals in the electronic and print media, town/urban planners in hilly regions, infrastructure development companies, engineers, architects Self-education programmes by the effective use of multi-media Training of capacity developement ENFORCEMENT AND CAPACITY DEVELOPEMENT