Discuss the high attitude and Aviation Physiology

This pptx is published by group of student, from Victoria University Kampala

1. Group 9 physiology 2 NKALUBO ISAAC VU-BPC-2307-0873-DAY NOURELDEIN ABDALLA MOHAMED VU-BPC-2307-0889-DAY NTEGE ABDULLAH VU-BPC-2307-1132-DAY NUWAHA ROGERS VU-BPC-2307-0188-DAY

2. Discuss high altitude and aviation physiology As humans have ascended to higher and higher altitudes in aviation, mountain climbing, and space vehicles, it has become progressively more important to understand the effects of altitude and low gas pressures on the human body.

3. Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body As altitude increases, the atmospheric pressure decreases, leading to lower levels of oxygen in the air. This reduction in oxygen availability can lead to hypoxia, or insufficient oxygen reaching the body's tissues. Symptoms of hypoxia include dizziness, confusion, shortness of breath, and eventually loss of consciousness if not addressed.

4. Acclimatization to Low Po 2 When individuals are exposed to high altitude gradually, their bodies can acclimatize to the lower oxygen levels. This process involves physiological adaptations such as; a great increase in pulmonary ventilation . increased numbers of red blood cells . increased diffusing capacity of the lungs . increased vascularity of the peripheral tissues. increased ability of the tissue cells to use oxygen despite low PO 2 .

5. Acute Mountain Sickness(AMS) and High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema A small percentage of people who ascend rapidly to high altitudes become acutely sick and can die if not given oxygen or removed to a low altitude. The sickness begins from a few hours up to about 2 days after ascent. Two events frequently occur: 1.  Acute cerebral edema . This is believed to result from local vasodilation of the cerebral blood vessels, caused by the hypoxia. Dilation of the arterioles increases blood flow into the capillaries, thus increasing capillary pressure, which in turn causes fluid to leak into the cerebral tissues. The cerebral edema can then lead to severe disorientation and other effects related to cerebral dysfunction.

6. CONT….. 2 .  Acute pulmonary edema . HAPE is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) as a result of exposure to high altitudes. HAPE typically occurs at altitudes above 2,500 meters (8,200 feet) and is more common in individuals who ascend rapidly or have a history of altitude sickness. Symptoms of HAPE can include shortness of breath at rest, cough, wheezing, chest tightness, fatigue, rapid heartbeat, and a bluish discoloration of the skin or lips (cyanosis). HAPE requires immediate medical attention and descent to lower altitudes to prevent further deterioration. Supplemental oxygen therapy and medications such as nifedipine or sildenafil may also be used to improve oxygenation and reduce pulmonary artery pressure. Without prompt treatment, HAPE can progress rapidly and lead to respiratory failure and death.

7. Chronic Mountain Sickness Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS), also known as Monge's disease or Andean syndrome, is a medical condition that can develop in individuals who reside at high altitudes (usually above 2,500 meters or 8,200 feet) for extended periods. It is characterized by a range of symptoms resulting from prolonged exposure to low oxygen levels in the atmosphere.

8. Symptoms of CMS The symptoms of Chronic Mountain Sickness can vary but often include headaches, fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, insomnia, and cyanosis (a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to lack of oxygen). In severe cases, individuals may experience cognitive impairment, memory loss, and difficulty concentrating.

9. CMS Risk Factors : While the exact cause of Chronic Mountain Sickness is not fully understood, certain factors may increase the risk of developing the condition. These include genetic predisposition, duration of high-altitude exposure, rate of ascent, individual differences in oxygen sensing and response mechanisms, and pre-existing medical conditions such as heart or lung disease. Diagnosis : Diagnosis of Chronic Mountain Sickness is typically based on a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination findings (such as cyanosis and elevated red blood cell count), and laboratory tests to assess blood oxygen levels and other parameters. Imaging studies may also be performed to evaluate the heart and lungs for signs of altitude-related complications .

10. CMS Treatment and Management : The primary treatment for Chronic Mountain Sickness involves reducing exposure to high altitudes. This may require relocation to lower elevations or adjustments in lifestyle and occupation to minimize further hypoxic exposure. Supplemental oxygen therapy may be used to alleviate symptoms and improve oxygenation in severe cases. In some instances, medications such as diuretics or blood thinners may be prescribed to manage complications such as fluid retention or blood clotting. Complications : If left untreated, Chronic Mountain Sickness can lead to serious complications such as pulmonary hypertension (elevated blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs), right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale), and neurological deficits. These complications can significantly impact quality of life and may be life-threatening if not managed appropriately.

11. AVIATION PHYSIOLOGY Aviation physiology, also known as aerospace physiology or flight physiology, is a branch of physiology that deals with the effects of flying on the human body. Understanding these effects is crucial for ensuring the safety and well-being of pilots, crew members, and passengers during flight. Here are some aspects to consider: Altitude and Pressure Changes : As an aircraft ascends, the altitude increases, leading to a decrease in atmospheric pressure. This reduction in pressure can cause a condition known as hypoxia, where the body receives insufficient oxygen. Pilots are trained to recognize the symptoms of hypoxia, such as dizziness, confusion, and blue discoloration of the skin, and to use supplemental oxygen when necessary.

12. Cont.. G-Forces : During flight maneuvers, pilots may experience gravitational forces (G-forces) that can affect the body. Positive G-forces, experienced during maneuvers like loops or sharp turns, push the body downwards, causing blood to pool in the lower extremities and potentially leading to G-induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC). Negative G-forces, experienced during maneuvers like inverted flight, can lead to blood rushing to the head, causing discomfort and vision impairment. Acceleration and Deceleration : Rapid acceleration or deceleration, such as during takeoff, landing, or during turbulence, can affect the body's equilibrium and sensory organs, leading to sensations of weightlessness or discomfort.

13. Cont… Barometric Pressure Changes : Changes in barometric pressure, which occur during ascent and descent, can cause discomfort in the ears and sinuses due to pressure imbalances. This is commonly alleviated by equalizing the pressure through techniques like swallowing, yawning, or using specialized earplugs. Cabin Environment : The controlled environment within the aircraft cabin, including factors like temperature, humidity, and air quality, can influence the comfort and well-being of passengers and crew. Maintaining optimal cabin conditions is important for minimizing fatigue and discomfort during flight .

14. Cont… Psychological Factors : The psychological aspects of flying, such as stress, anxiety, and fatigue, can also impact the physiological responses of individuals. Pilots undergo training to manage stress and maintain focus during demanding flight situations. Hypoxia Training : Pilots undergo hypoxia awareness training to recognize the symptoms of hypoxia and to simulate the effects of oxygen deprivation at altitude. This training helps pilots develop the skills to respond appropriately in the event of an oxygen-related emergency.