Diseases and Enemies of Honey Bee and Silk Moth

total diseases and Enemies of honey bee and silk moth are described with photographs

1. WELCOME

2. Credit Seminar-I topic : diseases & enemies of honey bees and silk worms and their management Speaker :Manish Kumar Yadav :Ph.D. Entomology (3 rd Sem.) Reg. No. :D/Ento/107/2016-17 DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY Dr. RAJENDRA PRASAD CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY PUSA, SAMASTIPUR BIHAR– 848125

3. LIST OF DISEASES OF HONEY BEEs S.N. Name of Diseases Causal Agent Place/part of Infection Infected Stage 1. Nosema Fungus ( Nosema sp. ) Stomach Adult bee 2. Amoebic Disease Amoeba ( Malpighamoeba mellificae ) Malpighian tubules Adult bee 3. Acarine Disease Mite ( Acarapis woodi ) Trachea & body fluid Adult bee Brood Diseases 4. European foul brood Bacteria ( Melissococcus plutonius ) Comb cells Larvae 5. American foul brood Bacteria ( Bacillus larvae ) Comb cells Larvae 6. Sac brood Virus ( Sacbrood virus ) Comb cells Larvae 7. Stone brood Fungus ( Aspergillus sp. ) Comb cells Larvae 8. Chalk brood Fungus ( Ascosphaera apis ) Comb cells Larvae 9. Colony collapse disorder* or varroosis disease Varroa mite or Pesticidal effect Adult bee

4. LIST OF enemies OF HONEY BEEs S.N. Name of Enemies Stage/Part/Place of Attack 1. Greater wax moth ( Galleria mellonela ) Wax 2. Lesser wax moth ( Achroia grisella ) Wax 3. Wax beetle ( Platybolium alvearium ) Wax 4. African small bee hive beetle ( Aethina tumida ) Wax 5. Hawk moth ( Acherontia styx ) Honey 6. Predatory wasps ( various spp. ) Adult bee 7. Birds Adult bee 8. Ants Various stages and parts

5. Nosema disease Nosema disease is caused by two fungi namely Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae (Higes et al., 2008) The pathogen penetrates mid gut and grows by absorbing nutrients from mid gut cells (Higes et al., 2009) Pic: Infected bees

6. Heavily infected worker bees can contain an excess of 50 million spores Nosema infections have specific negative effects on honey bees (Meana et al., 2013). Pic: Nosema apis and N. ceranae Image source: google image

7. Management Sterilization of brood boxes and frame with glacial a cetic acid or formalin (40 %) should be done Keep the hive dry Try to avoid moving hives during winter Only one antibiotic, fumagillin (trade name Fumidil B) is reported successful in controlling nosema disease. (Soroker et al., 2011)

8. Amoebic Disease This disease is caused by Malpighamoeba mellificae The disease is spread similarly to Nosema Disease cause infection in Malpighian tubules (Wilkins et al ., 2007 ) This amoeba reported to cause dysentery in adult bees ( Bailey et al ., 1983 ). Pic: Microscopic images of Malpighamoeba mellificae

9. Disease management Disinfection of equipments by 2% carbolic acid Transfer of bees in fumigated box after infection Sterilization of brood boxes and frame with Glacial Acetic acid should be done in the month of September (Thakur , 1991 ) Formalin (40%) is also used for this purpose.

10. Acarine Disease Caused by a parasitic mite  Acarapis woodi Acarine disease is a winter problem The Acarine or tracheal mite is a tiny microscopic creature Acarapis woodi spends its entire life cycle within the breathing tracts of the bee (Villa et al ., 2005) The mites prefer young bees to infect. Pic 3.1 Acarapis woodi

11. Disease Diagnosis its cure Diagnosis done by examination of trachea of suspected bees under the microscope Exposing the affected colonies with safrol oil, Nitrobenzene and petrol (1:2:2) is helpful in control of Acarapis woodi (Eischen et al ., 1989) Menthol crystals are used as a fumigant Sulphur is used by some beekeepers against acarine mites

12. Apiguard is used for the control of both acarine mites and varroa mites. (Pettis et al ., 2005) Pic 4.1: Apiguard

13. European foulbrood EFB is a bacterial disease that affects honey bee larvae EFB is characterized by dead and dying larvae, appeared as curled upwards (Forsgren et al ., 2013) The EFB bacteria does not produce spores Often, when the nurse bee to larvae ratio becomes unstable, the disease occurs (Roetschi et al ., 2008) Spotty brood pattern is a common symptom of EFB.

14. Life cycle of European foulbrood Caused by bacteria, Melissococcus plutonius Larvae become infected by consuming infected brood food. The bacterial populations multiply in the larval midgut The degree of larval mortality, is directly related to the duration or amount of bacteria that was fed to the larva (Bailey and Collins, 1982) The larvae pupate abnormally.

15. Pic: A classic symptom of European foulbrood is a curled upwards, flaccid, and brown or yellowish dead larva in cell Pic: Larvae infected with M plutonius can appear deflated with their tracheal system more defined Pic: Off-colored to dull white larvae from a hive infected with European foulbrood, larvae start melting

16. American foulbrood C aused by Bacillus larvae AFB infections start when nurse bee’s feeds developing larvae by her infected mouthparts ( Genersch , 2010) 24 hours old larva is the most susceptible stage. Pic: Appearance of sunken cells in the brood

17. symptoms Irregular and patchy brood pattern Brood may appear sunken Capping may also be perforated by bees trying to remove the dead brood Infected hive also have a Sulphur's smell due to the decomposing broods . ( Palmer and Oldroyd, 2003) Pic: Colony heavily infested with American foulbrood, showing brood oozing and moisture on perforated brood capping and dark black and red appearance.

18. Management of American and European foulbrood Replacement of diseased combs Always try to minimize the stress of food   Supplementing the colony’s diet with sugar syrup and fresh uncontaminated pollen when nutrition is poor Hives should be placed in a well-ventilated, dry areas Sterilization of tools or equipment is important Use of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC).

19. Sacbrood Caused by a virus of Iflavirus genus The virus mostly affects larvae but can infect adult honey bees also ( Bailey, 1969) The virus multiplies within the infected larvae The Sacbrood virus can remain viable for long time in dead larvae, honey or pollen. Pic: Capping slightly removed on a Sacbrood virus infested pupa.

20. Symptoms Uneven brood pattern, discolored, sunken or perforated cappings Infected larvae fail to pupate The larva dies with its head characteristically raised toward the top (banana shape) After death, infected larvae change from a healthy pearly white, to yellowish, then to a brown colour.  (Bailey and Woods, 1997) Pic: Sacbrood virus infected larva

21. management Honey bees are usually able to control Sacbrood virus in most colonies through hygienic behavior and the ability to detect and remove infected larvae Add worker bee population, or by providing sugar syrup or pollen If Sacbrood virus is detected in more than 5 per cent of the brood re-queening should be considered As a precautionary measure, brood combs should also be replaced after every 3-4 years by beekeepers.

22. Stonebrood Stonebrood is a fungal disease, caused by Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger It causes mummification of the brood of a honey bee colony The pathogen is common soil inhabitants and are also pathogenic to plants, birds, and mammals (Steinhaus, 2013) It cause respiratory damage to adult bees.

23. Symptoms Dead larvae turn black and become difficult to crush Fungus forms mycelium all over the body of larvae The affected adult bees show restlessness, feebleness and paralysis, abdomen gets dilated and then mummified ( Steinhaus, 2013) Younger bees die earlier. Pic: Mycelium over the capping and hard broods

24. Management There is no chemical control Removal of mummies by bees results in natural control of the diseases Collect and burn the mummified larvae Improve ventilation and reduce humidity Replace old, blackened brood combs If a colony lacks sufficient food stores, supplement with good quality of food.

25. Chalkbrood C aused by spore-forming fungus, Ascosphaera apis S pores remain viable for years The disease is most prevalent in the spring It affect only broods Three - four days old larvae are more susceptible. (Tarpy et al ., 2016)

26. Symptoms Diseased larvae are stretched out in their cells in an upright position Larvae are often covered with cottony filaments , hence the name chalk brood (Rangel et al ., 2015) D iseased larvae can be mottled with brown or black spots Pic: brown fungal growth on capped cell

27. Chalk brood mummies once dry, are loose in the cell, and can be removed easily Often , a few of these mummies are visible on the ground at the entrance to the hive.

28. management There are no registered chemicals available to control Chalkbrood disease Healthy bee colonies are able to tolerate Chalkbrood disease R eplace diseased comb with new combs Clean away mummified larvae Hives should be placed in a well-ventilated, dry area.

29. Colony collapse disorder A phenomenon that occurs when the majority of worker bees in a colony disappear and leave behind a queen with plenty of food Bee CCD affect worker bees, they simply don't come back Some scientists believe that it is caused by varroa mite ( Varroa destructor ) and some believe that insecticides are responsible for it The syndrome was renamed CCD in late 2006.

30. Signs and symptoms Presence of capped brood in abandoned colonies Presence of food stores, both honey and bee pollen Comb is not immediately robbed Presence of the queen bee Insufficient workforce to maintain the brood that is present Workforce seems made up of young adult bees only. Pic: Bee infested with Varroa destructor

31. Cause Due to infestation of varroa mite (Steinhaus, 2013) Israeli Acute Paralysis virus and the gut parasite nosema Pesticide poisoning in-hive or field (Higes et al ., 2011) T ransportation to multiple locations Changes to the habitat where bees forage. Pic: Varroa destructor

32. management Do not combine collapsing colonies with healthy ones Do not use same equipments for other colonies Use varroa control (fluvalinate) in honey bee colonies Keep colonies strong by practicing best management practices .

33. Greater and lesser wax moth Galleria mellonela , the greater wax moth or honeycomb moth, is a moth of the family Pyralidae Achroia grisella family pyralidae is smaller moth than the greater wax moth and has a silver-grey to dull-yellow, slender body Galleria mellonela Achroia grisella

34. Larvae are creamy white, but turn grey on reaching their fully grown size After hatching, the small very active larvae tunnel in comb Fully developed larvae spin silky cocoons that may be found in a mass of webbing in the comb (Reddy, 2010 ) They feed on combs, pollen and litter found on the hive floor LWM larvae are usually solitary, whereas GWM larvae often congregate in large numbers (Caron, 1990). Pic: larvae of Greater wax moth in honey bee comb Pic: larvae of greater and lesser wax moth.

35. management Apiary hygiene and colony management Equipment cleaning Light and ventilation. Pic: Larvae of Achroia grisella

36. Wax beetle This Tenebrionid reported in hives of the Indian honey bee at Coimbatore and described as Platybolium alveanum ( Mahadevan , 1938 ) The larvae feed on the particles of wax on the floor-board Larvae also feed on pollen A dults feed on the combs and bore into the cells. ( Prasad, 2009) Platybolium alveanum

37. Small hive beetle The small hive beetle ( Aethina tumida ) is a pest of bee hive belonging to family Nitidulidae It cause damage to comb, stored honey and pollen (Higo (1983 ) Both grub and adult cause damage This pest of bee hive is not yet reported in India. Pic Aethina tumida

38. management Cultural and mechanical controls, changing infested hive etc Apiary hygiene and colony management Equipment cleaning Chemical control by Guard Star @3-5ml/ ltr . water/hive ( Ellis, 2005)

39. Hawk moth Acherontia styx , the death's head hawk moth is a pest of hive It is very fond of honey, and bee keepers have reported finding dead moths in their hives as a result of bee stings They can mimic the scent of bees so that they can enter a hive unharmed. ( Davis, 1978 ) Pic: Acherontia styx

40. Predatory wasps Several species of wasps predate on honeybees causing severe damage to bee colonies and leads to loss of entire apiaries (Ghosh, 2012) The largest of the social wasps of genus Vespa sp. are physically capable of preying on honeybees V. tropica is a fast flier wasp and mostly catches the forager bees (Garg and Kashyap, 1998 ) Some species wait on the back of the hive and capture bees. Pic: Wasp hunting on bee

41. management Apis mellifera and A . cerana indica bees kill wasps through shimmering behavior (Sharma et al., 1980 ) Destruction of wasp nests near the apiary

42. Birds Various types of birds feeds on honey & bees, major birds associated with honeybees are Merops sp., Dicrurus macrocerus and Passer domesticus (Cobb, 1979 ) T hey are broadly classified into two categories: Bee eaters and honey eaters. Pic: Merops orientalis

43. Ants Ants are not usually serious pests in honeybee colonies. Occasionally, however, certain species may enter colonies to search for food or establish nesting sites (Subhapradhan, 1961) A nts specially Eciton sp., Anomma sp., Dorylus sp. and fire ants kill honeybees. ( Dubois and Collart , 1950 ) Camponotus compressus ( carpenter ant) is occasionally a serious pest of bee colonies in India. (Singh, 1962 ) Pic: Camponotus compressus Pic: fire ants

44. management Many times honey bees are capable of defending hives against ants by fanning They use propolis to fill cracks and crevices otherwise closing through artificial material (resin) is also advisable (Subhapradhan, 1961) Effective control of ants were recorded when legs of stands were placed in water bowl or mercuric chloride ( May, 1961) Natural repellants like Nepeta cataria, Chrysanthemum , Juglans regia and dusting with turmeric powder is also used by many bee keepers to keep ants away. (Abrol and Kakroo, 1998)

45. Diseases of Silkworms SN NAME OF THE DISEASES CAUSAL ORGANISM 1. Pebrine Nosema bombycis 2. Flacherie Streptococcus spp. 3. Muscardine Beauveria bassiana , Spicaria prasina and Aspergillus spp. 4. Grasserie NPV

46. LIST OF enemies OF silkworms S.N. Name of Enemies Stages of Attack 1. Uzi fly ( Exorista bombycis ) Caterpillar & cocoons 2. Dermestid beetle ( Dermestis ater ) cocoons 3. Apanteles ( Apanteles stantoni ) caterpillar 4. Wasps, Red ants & other pests caterpillar

47. PEBRINE DISEASE Pebrine disease of the silkworm, caused by Nosema bombycis Pepper like spots on larvae are major symptoms (Sato et al., 1982) Skin becomes rubbery and dull in appearance (Govindan et al., 1997) Highly infected larvae fail to pupate. (Ghosh, 1949 ) Pic: Pepper like spots on larvae

48. management M other moth examination (Reddy, 2010) Use of disease free seed (eggs) Use of formalin 3% with 5 per cent bleaching powder to sterilize rearing baskets (Kagawa, 1980) Use of bleaching powder 4-5 % is also effective (subbaiah et al. , 1994 ) Allowing a non-rearing period between two rearings destruction of Pebrine infected larvae by burning. (Iwano and Ishihara , 1981)

49. Flacherie Flacherie is a disease of silkworms, caused by poor nutrition or eating mulberry leaves contaminated with Streptococcus sp ., Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus thuringiensis and Serratia marcescence ( Balavenkatasubbaiah and Sivaprasad, 1998 ) Infected larvae turns black and die Larvae emits foul smell Skin become flaccid . (Reddy, 2010) Pic: Infected Munga silkworms

50. management Feed with quality mulberry leaves Rear under recommended optimum temperature and humidity Disinfection of silkworm rearing house, appliances and surroundings should be done Dust the bed disinfectant, Vijetha (or) Resham Keet Oushadh after    each  moult of larvae Spray 1% of extract of Psoralea coryleifolia on mulberry leaves and feed to worms once during third instars Procure silkworm eggs produced from healthy parent moths. ( Balavenkatasubbaiah and Sivaprasad, 1998)

51. Muscardine Muscadine is caused by Aspergillus sp., Beauveria bassiana and Spicaria prasina Mycelium is common on young age silkworms and the infected larvae will be flaccid and die (Rubin et al ., 2010) Dark green or rusty brown mycelial clusters are seen on the body of dead larvae (Reddy, 2010 ) Infected larvae turn into pink colour Body becomes hard, mummified larvae found.

52. management Sun dry of the rearing appliances Disinfect the rearing room and utensils with 5 per cent bleaching powder Avoid low temperature and high humidity in the rearing room Keep the rearing bed clean and dry Apply Dithane M45 (3 kg/100 dfls) / Vijetha supplement as disinfectant on the larvae (TANU Agritech Portal) Disinfect rearing rooms and trays with 4 per cent pentachlorophenol to control Aspergillosis .

53. Grasserie Causative agent is NPV (Reddy, 2010) Larvae produce milky white fluid (Tragor, 2013) The skin of infected larvae becomes shiny black, larvae fails to moult Colour of the body becomes dark black The infected larvae move restlessly in the rearing bed/ along with the rim of the tray (Prasad, 2009) Infected larval body ruptures easily and turbid white hemolymph oozes out . (Burges, 2013) Pic: infected larvae

54. management D isinfection of rearing house Conduct an optional disinfection with 0.3% lime solution (Vidya, 1960) Maintain hygiene Collect the diseased larvae and ensure its proper disposal (Reddy, 2010) Maintain optimum temperature and humidity in the rearing house Feed quality mulberry leaf and avoid overcrowding Apply recommended bed disinfectant as per schedule and quantity

55. Uzi fly The Uzi fly, Exorista bombycis is a serious endo-larval parasitoid of the silkworm (Reddy, 2010) Typical symptoms includes presence of eggs or black scar on the silkworm body and maggot emergence hole at the tip of the cocoon (Venkatachalapathy, ‎2006) If the Uzi fly infests at last instar, the maggots come out after cocoon formation by making a circular hole. Pic: Exorista bombycis

56. management Exclusion Method Mechanical Control by Using Uzi trap (Prasad, 2009) Biological Control by Nesolynx thymus (Narayanaswamy, ‎ 2000 and Bhat, 2012) Pic: Nesolynx thymus

57. Dermestid beetles Dermestid beetles, Dermestis ater is known to attack on cocoons in cocoon storage rooms (Prasad, 2009) The beetles migrate from cocoon storage room to grainage and attack on green cocoons and moths (Voss et al ., 2008) The adult beetle is about 7 to 9 millimeters long. Pic: Dermestis ater

58. management Preventive measures: Mechanical control : Chemical control: Store cocoons in Deltamethrin treated bag (Voss et al ., 2013) Dusting of bleaching powder all around the inner wall of rearing room to prevent the entry of grubs. (Siddaiah, 2016) Pic: Dermestis ater

59. Wasps, Red ants & other pests Wasp and many birds attack on early stage worms and consume them as food (Prasad, 2009) The red ant is also a serious pest, it attack on 1st stage silkworms Wasps can be controlled by covering silkworm rearing by nylon nets and destroying wasps hives (Prasad, 2009) Red ant can be controlled by burning down their nest well before the rearing. (Reddy, 2010)

60. conclusion 1. Seriousness of problem … . 2. Ability of self defense … . 3. Prevention is always better … . 4. chemicals....

61. Thank you