Diseases of mushrooms

Plant Pathology

1. Diseases of Button Mushroom: A Potential Threat to Mushroom Cultivation Presented by: ZAKIR AMIN

2. Importance of Mushrooms Mushrooms are high protein low fat fungi of great economic value. Supplement diets which lack proteins “Vegetable Meat” Possess low carbohydrate and fat content. Act as low-caloric diet recommended to heart patients. Ideal food for diabetic patients owing to its low starch content. Polysaccharides in mushrooms have anti-tumour and immunological properties.

3. Commercial Mushroom Species Cultivated in India White button mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ), Oyster ( Pleurotus spp.), Paddy straw ( Volvariella volvacea ), Milky ( Calocybe indica ) and Shiitake ( Lentinula edodes ) Sharma et al., 2017

4. Production

5. Top Mushroom Producing States National Horticulture Board(NHB), 2016

6. Diseases of Mushroom Fungal Diseases Bacterial Diseases Viral Diseases Soft Mildew / Cobweb Bacterial Blotch La France Brown Plaster Mould Brown Disease and Watery Stripe White plaster mould   X Disease Olive green mould   Dieback Disease Inky Cap     Green Mould     Truffle Disease     Bubble Disease     Dry Bubble disease    

7. Losses due to Diseases after Artificial Inoculation Disease % loss after Artificial Inoculation Reported by Dry Bubble 2.26-47.2% Sharma and Vijay, 1993 Wet Bubble Upto 100% Bhatt and Singh (2000) Cob Web 66.6% Sharma and Vijay, 1996 Green Mould 8-26% Grogan et al., 2000 False Truffle 58-80% Sharma and Jandaik (1996) Brown Plaster Mould 3.0-50.7% Sharma and Vijay, 1993 Ink Caps 20.14-94.4% Sharma, 1992

8. Fungal Diseases of Button Mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus )

9. Fungi Occurring mainly in Compost Olive Green Mould ( Chaetomium olivaceum ) and other species Ink Caps ( Coprinus spp.) Black moulds ( Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp .) and others ( Myriococcum praecox , Sporotrichum sp., Sepedonium sp., Fusarium spp., Cephalosporium spp., Gliocladium spp., and Papulospora spp.)

10. Fungi occuring in Compost and Casing soil White plaster mould ( Scopulariopsis fimicola ) Brown plaster mould ( Papulospora byssina ), Lipstick mould ( Sporendonema purpurescens ), False truffle ( Diehliomyces microsporus ), and Green moulds .

11. Fungi occurring on and in casing soil and/or on the growing mushrooms Cinnamon mould ( Peziza ostracoderma ), Wet bubble ( Mycogone perniciosa ), Dry bubble ( Verticillium fungicola ), Cobweb ( Cladobotryum dendroides ), Pink mould ( Trichothecium roseum ) and Green moulds . Fungi attacking the fruiting bodies only ( Fusarium spp.)

12. Parasitic moulds (parasitic diseases) Dry Bubble ( Verticillium fungicola ) Wet Bubble ( Mycogone perniciosa ) Cobweb disease ( Cladobotryum dendroides (syn . Dactylium dendroides )

13. 1. DRY BUBBLE Pathogen : Verticillium fungicola , V. malthousei or V. psialliste Common Name : Verticillium disease, brown spot, fungus spot, dry bubble, La mole. First reported by Malthouse in 1901. Symptoms: Causes brown spot on cap resulting in irregular patches In severe infection mushrooms become distorted Affected mushrooms become leathery

14. Necrotic Symptom Spotting Symptom Dry Split Stem Symptom

15. Transmitted by : Contaminated compost, casing soil. (Kumar et al., 2014) Human beings and splashes of water (Cross and Jacobs., 1969) P rimary introduction may also be through air borne spores as well as by the spores carried by flies, mites or pickers. (Munshi et al., 2010) Management: Relies mainly on hygiene and prevention of introducing inoculum on mushroom farms (Berendsen et al., 2010) Dichlorvas @ 30 ml/ 100 lit. water/ 100 m 3 area to check mites and flies. ( Tsarev , 2014) Carbendazim gives highest percentage growth inhibition against pathogen followed by Thiophanate methyl, Dithane Z-78 and Dithane M-45. (Kumar et al., 2014)

16. Wet bubble ( Mycogone perniciosa ) Characterized by the development of white mycelial growth on fruiting bodies of button mushroom. It spreads and covers the entire cap. Development of distorted masses of mushroom tissues, called as ‘ Sclerodamoid mass’ which initially are white and fluffy but become brown with age and then decay. (Munshi et al., 2010) Presence of amber liquid droplets on the surface of distorted mushrooms. (Sharma and Kumar., 2005)

17. Management Strict hygienic conditions and sterilized casing soil. Spray of Benomyl @ 0.1 % immediately after casing has been found most effective. Application of carbendazim, chlorothalonil, prochloraz manganese complex ( Sportak 50 WP) @ 0.1 % into casing material. A spray of 0.8 % Formalin on to casing surface, immediately after its application on the beds is also effective. (Gupta et al., 2018 )

18. Cobweb disease [ Cladobotryum dendroides ( syn. Dactylium dendroides )] First reported in India at Chail and Shimla in Himachal Pradesh (Seth, 1977). Exhibits characteristic coarse mycelial growth over the affected mushroom. High relative humidity and temperature favours the disease. Normally introduced by contaminated casing soil or spores through air. Secondary spread by air movement, pickers, water splashes. (Gupta et al., 2018 )

19. Management Disinfection of casing soil with live steam at 50 C for 4 hours. Bavistin + Thiram at 0.9 and 0.6 gm -2 followed by Thiobendazole and Benlate (0.9 gm -2 ). (Seth and Dar., 1989) 0.05 % Carbendazim at spawning followed by 0.25% mancozeb at casing and Carbendazim again 15 days later. (Sharma et al., 1992)

20. Weed Fungi or Competitors Green Mould ( Trichoderma viride ) False Truffle disease ( Pseudobalsamia microspore) Brown Plaster Mould ( Populaspora byssina ) Inky Caps ( Coprinus spp.) Cinnamon Mould( Peziza spp.)

21. Green mould (Trichoderma viride ) Appears as thick cushioned white patch with greenish fungal growth on spawned and cased bags which gradually change to bluish green in colour . Characterized by large areas of dense sporulation on the compost and casing surface (Anderson et al., 2000) Generally appear in compost rich in carbohydrates and deficient in nitrogen. High pH of casing promotes its development. (Gupta et al., 2018) Vigorous colonizer of organic material and dead mushroom tissue. (Munshi et al., 2010 )

22. Green Mould Trichoderma viride

23. Management Fungicides Prochloraz + carbendazim ( Abosriwil and Clancy, 2003) Thiobendazole (Rinker and Alm , 2008) Imazalil sulfate against benzimidazole resistant strains (Romaine et al., 2008 ). Bacteria including Bacillus species have been found to be efficient antagonists of aggressive Trichoderma strains. (Gupta et al ., 2018)

24. False truffle disease ( Pseudobalsamia microspora or Diehliomyces microspora ) More prevalent in summer The mushrooms in bed and top of casing soil are characteristically small (resembling fused pinheads). Initially white fluffy mycelium which later turns creamy yellow, prominent between compost and casing layers. The mycelium becomes thicker, solid, wrinkled mass resembling peeled walnut or brain like structure. Lack of ventilation and high humidity. Management The only control measures are to minimize temperature fluctuations and provide adequate ventilation. The spawn run temperature and cropping bed temperature should not exceed 22°C. High humidity in mushroom houses should be avoided .

25. Plaster Moulds Brown Plaster Moulds ( Populaspora byssina ) White Plaster Moulds ( Scopulariopsis fumicola )

26. Brown plaster mould ( Populaspora byssina ) Appears as large roughly circular patches of white mould on the surface of casing material. These patches later on turn brown and form powdery granules The fungus also colonizes compost. (Fletcher et al., 1989 ) The presence of fungus has been associated with wet compost. This disease is commonly found in mushroom farms of the valley and if uncontrolled it cause drastic reduction in mushroom production. (Munshi et al., 2010 ) Initially silver grey but as spore mature the colour changes to a dark tan or light brown. (Howard et al., 1994)

27. White Plaster Mould ( Scopulariopsis fumicola ) Produces dense white patches of mycelium and spores on the casing surface and in the compost. The mycelium remains white (Fletcher et al., 1989 ) If the compost retains smell of ammonia and has pH more than 8.0, these become common. Both plaster moulds grow well in compost with pH more or equal to 8.0. (Fletcher et al., 1989 ; Howard et al., 1994 ) Modification of composting practices to improve compost quality reduces the occurrence of plaster moulds .

28. Bacterial Blotch ( Pseudomonas talaasi ) Circular yellowish spots develop on the cap or near the margin and coalesce to form chocolate brown spot which penetrate the fleshy tissues. Characterized by brown, irregular, sunken lesions on the pileus and/ or stipe. Disease spreads by splashing water drops from infected to healthy sporophores , pickers implements, flies and mites. This may also occur after harvest. (Wells, 1996)

29. Management Lowering of humidity to 80% Running fans immediately after watering to dry the caps prevents spread of bacteria to growing sporophores . Spray the beds with 100 ppm bleaching powder.

30. Viral Diseases Number of Viruses which cause disease commonly known as: La France Watery stripe Die back X-disease or Brown disease On the basis of shape and size of the particles five different viruses have been reported to attack mushrooms and are known as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 . Recently reported from Bangalore. Most common symptoms are: Elongation of the stalk with a small, tilted cap (drumstick) Deterioration of the mycelium (Die-back) resulting in bare patched in the crop. Small brown mushrooms develop which often open prematurely Obligate parasites Transmitted through Mushroom spores. (Gupta et al., 2018 )

31. Management Strict hygiene inside the farm should be maintained Filtered air should be used inside the peak heating, spawn running and cropping rooms. Mushrooms should be picked before they open. All wooden parts of growing units should be thorough sterilized and cleaned to kill any mushroom mycelium from the earlier crop. Tolerant or resistant strains should be used. (Gupta et al., 2018)

32. CASE STUDY

33. Effect of two aerated compost teas (ACT)made from two different spent mushroom substrates, MS (mineral soil) and TPT (peat), on yield (healthy and diseased mushrooms), biological efficiency (BE) and earliness in two Agaricus bisporus crops artificially infected with Lecanicillium fungicola

34. Effectiveness (% control) of different spent mushroom substrate tea treatments in reducing dry bubble disease caused by L. fungicola in artificially infected A. bisporus crops

35. Case Study

36. In vitro evaluation of various systemic fungitoxicants against Trichoderma harzianum

37. Methods, antimicrobial concentration ranges, MICs, MBCs and sensitivity of the P. tolaasii NS3B6 to agents with antimicrobial activity. Todorović et al., 2012

38. Effect of the volatile phase of essential oils on growth of Verticillium fungicola var. fungicola in vitro after four-day exposure Tanović et al., 2009

39. Toxicity of essential oils to Verticillium fungicola var. fungicola , Mycogone perniciosa , and Cladobotryum spp.

40. In vitro sensitivity of Veriticillium fungicola var. fungicola isolates to selected fungicides.

41. Conclusion Diseases in mushrooms possess a great threat to mushroom industry so their management becomes important. Thrust on proper management of these diseases is very important rather there is a need of hour before these diseases can become serious epidemic and can wipe off mushroom industry worth millions. Introduction of bio fungicides to create new possibilities for protection with reduced application of chemicals. Considering the development of resistance and harmful impact to the environment and human health, special attention should be focussed on bio fungicides, both microbiological products based on Bacillus species and various natural substances of biological origin, together with good programs of hygiene.

42. Thank You