DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ORGANIC ACT OF 1871 - Wikipedia (031216)

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1. Long title An Act to provide a Government for the District
of Columbia.
Nicknames District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871
Enacted by the 41st United States Congress
Citations
Statutes at
Large
16 Stat. 419 (http://legislink.org/us/stat-16-419)
Legislative history
Signed into law by PresidentUlysses S. Granton
February 21, 1871
District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871
District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871
is an Act of Congress that repealed the
individual charters of the cities of Washington
and Georgetown and established a new territorial
government for the whole District of Columbia.
Though Congress repealed the territorial
government in 1874, the legislation was the first
to create a single municipal government for the
federal district.
[1]
Contents
1 History
2 Effect
3 See also
4 Notes
5 External links
History
The passage of the Residence Act in 1790 created a new federal district that would become the capital of the
United States. Formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the capital territory already
included two large settlements at its creation: the port of Georgetown, Maryland and the town of Alexandria,
Virginia. A new capital city named in honor of President George Washington was founded to the east of
Georgetown in 1791.
Shortly after establishing operations in the new capital, Congress passed the Organic Act of 1801, which
organized the federal territory. Congress allowed the cities of Washington and Georgetown to each maintain
their own municipal governments. The remainder of the unincorporated territory within the federal district
formed the new County of Washington, which was governed by a levy court consisting of three Justices of the
Peace appointed by the President. The City of Alexandria and adjacent Alexandria County also maintained their
own local governments but were returned by Congress to the state of Virginia in 1846.
The outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 led to notable growth in the capital's population due to the
expansion of the federal government and a large influx of freed slaves.
[2]
By 1870, the District's population had
grown 75% to nearly 132,000 residents.
[3]
Growth was even more dramatic within the County of Washington,
where the population more than doubled as people escaped the crowded city.
[4]
The individual local governments within the District were insufficient to handle the population growth. Living
conditions were poor throughout the capital, which still had dirt roads and lacked basic sanitation. The situation
was so bad that some lawmakers in Congress even suggested moving the capital out further west, but President
Ulysses S. Grant refused to consider the proposals.
[5]
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2. Effect
Instead, Congress passed the Organic Act of 1871, which revoked the individual charters of the cities of
Washington and Georgetown and combined them with Washington County to create a unified territorial
government for the entire District of Columbia.
[6]
The new government consisted of an appointed governor and
11-member council, a locally elected 22-member assembly, and a board of public works charged with
modernizing the city.
[7]
The Seal of the District of Columbia features the date 1871, recognizing the year the
District's government was incorporated.
[8]
The Act did not establish a new city or city government within the District. Regarding a city of Washington, it
stated that "that portion of said District included within the present limits of the city of Washington shall
continue to be known as the city of Washington". In the present day, the name "Washington" is commonly used
to refer to the entire District, but DC law continues to use the definition of the city of Washington as given in the
Organic Act.
[9]
In 1873, President Grant appointed an influential member of the board of public works, Alexander Robey
Shepherd, to the post of governor. Shepherd authorized large-scale municipal projects, which greatly
modernized Washington. In doing so, however, the governor spent three times the money that had been budgeted
for capital improvements, bankrupting the city.
[10]
In 1874, Congress replaced the District's quasi-elected
territorial government with an appointed three-member Board of Commissioners. Direct rule by Congress would
continue for nearly a century until the passage of the District of Columbia Home Rule Act in 1973.
[11]
See also
District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801
History of Washington, D.C.
District of Columbia home rule
Notes
Tindall, William (1909). Origin and government of the District of Columbia. J. Byrne & co. p. 9.1.
McQuirter, Marya Annette. "African Americans in Washington, DC: 1800-1975". A Brief History of African
Americans in Washington, D.C. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
2.
"Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990"(PDF). United States Census Bureau.
September 13, 2002. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
3.
"1870 Census Information". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2 June 2012.4.
Bordewich, Fergus M. (2008). Washington: the making of the American capital. HarperCollins. p. 272.
ISBN 978-0-06-084238-3.
5.
Dodd, Walter Fairleigh (1909). The government of the District of Columbia. Washington, D.C.: John Byrne & Co.
p. 4.
6.
"An Act to provide a Government for the District of Columbia". Statutes at Large, 41st Congress, 3rd Session. Library
of Congress; Feb. 21, 1871, 41st Congress, 3rd session, chap. 62, 16 Stat. 419. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
7.
"Official Symbols of the District of Columbia". About DC. Retrieved 18 April 2012.8.
E.g., DC Code §9-502 (http://dccode.org/simple/sections/9-502.html), banning overhead wires in the city of
Washington, or DC Code §47-704 (http://dccode.org/simple/sections/47-704.html), establishing a system of parcel
designations for "the District of Columbia lying outside of the City of Washington".
9.
Wilcox, Delos Franklin (1910). Great cities in America: their problems and their government. The Macmillan
Company. pp. 27–30.
10.
"History of Self-Government in the District of Columbia". Council of the District of Columbia. 2008. Retrieved11.
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3. December 29, 2008.
External links
"An Act to provide a Government for the District of Columbia" (http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin
/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=016/llsl016.db&recNum=0454), Statutes at Large, Library of Congress
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Categories: United States federal territory and statehood legislationLegal history of the District of Columbia
1871 in law1871 in the United States1871 in Washington, D.C.
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