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1. TACKLING AIR POLLUTION IN CHINA WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM THE GREAT SMOG OF 1950s IN LONDON Dongyong Zhang, Junjuan Liu and Bingjun Li Reporter Ngô Quang Bảo Hoàng Nguyễn Ngọc Phụng

2. CONTENT Introduction Social and Economic consequences of the Smog in China Methods Causes of Smog Tackling the Smog Discussion and Recommendations

3. INTRODUCTION Nanpu Bridge, Shanghai, China

4. INTRODUCTION Proportion of the population exposed to a PM2.5 concentration of 10 μg/m 3 98% (2012) 76% - 21% 60% -16%

5. Beijing pollution levels: days in 2013 at Air Quality Index ratings. 51.8% INTRODUCTION

6. CONSEQUENSES OF THE SMOG IN CHINA Cut the amount of light and impeding photosynthesis Building in Beijing surounded by smog. Source : http://www.boredpanda.com/pollution-china/ Air pollution Reduce visibility

7. Affect human health: reduce life expectancy, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer,... People wear masks to protect themselves from pollution in Beijing. Source : http://www.boredpanda.com/pollution-china/ CONSEQUENSES OF THE SMOG IN CHINA

8. CONSEQUENSES OF THE SMOG IN CHINA The economic burden of premature mortality and morbidity associated with air pollution was estimated to be 157.3 billion Yuan in 2003. Over 30 billion Yuan in damages to crops. Increase Chinese emgration : 60% (2011) – 64% (2013).

9. METHODS Reviewing the current literature. C omparing China’s air pollution regulations to that of the postLondon Killer Smog of 1952, in the United Kingdom (UK). Heavy smog in Piccadilly Circus, London. (December 6, 1952). (Photo by Central Press/ Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

10. CAUSES OF SMOG CAUSES Industrial pollution Other factors Coal burning Vehicle emissions

11. China’s coal consumption comparing to the rest of the world . Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics . CAUSES OF SMOG

12. Industrial production and coal burning are responsible for 25% and 18 % of Beijing’s PM2.5 . CAUSES OF SMOG Source: http :// www.pollutionpollution.com/2014/03 / how-to-control-industrial-pollution.html Research by the Chinese Academy of Science found that industrial pollution is the biggest source of PM2.5 problems, which cause Beijing’s smog .

13. Source: http :// www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-469041/Beijing-shrouded-cloud- -pollution.html CAUSES OF SMOG A ir pollution in China’s megacities have shifted from coal-burning only to a mix ofcoal burning and vehicle emissions. Pollutants from vehicles contribute to more than 22.5 % of PM2.5 in Beijing.

14. F ireworks increased the level of PM2.5 by 80 times during the traditional Chinese New Year in 2012. Crop stubble burning is a method used frequently by farmers to deal with agricultural waste. CAUSES OF SMOG

15. TACKLING THE SMOG Policy Changes in London after the Smog . In 1952, coal supplied 61 % of London’s energy needs, and 28% was for household use alone. The household use of coal started to decline in 1957. From 1950 to 2000, the annual average smoke and SO2 concentrations in London were reduced by 95% and 98% respectively .

16. TACKLING THE SMOG China’s Way to Clean Air Law Enforcement China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law. National 10 Measures. Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control. Environmental Protection Law. Performance Assessment Measures for Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action.

17. TACKLING THE SMOG China’s Way to Clean Air Source: http ://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/fightairpollution/ Law Enforcement

18. TACKLING THE SMOG China’s Way to Clean Air The gap between Legislation and Implementation The targets set for Beijing’s annual average concentration in the Action Plan are conservative. Furthermore, targets for the annual average PM2.5 concentration in cities in the three key regions, except Beijing, are unclear, as they require percentage reductions in PM2.5 based on a base year . The annual average concentration of PM2.5 in those cities in the base year (2012) has not been reported and may not even exist because PM2.5 was only widely monitored and assessed in China since 2013.

19. TACKLING THE SMOG Public Awareness 26 % increase of the number of total environmental tips received on 12369 from 2012 to 2013, more than 70% of the tips concerned airborne pollution in 2013 .

20. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS China’s air pollution problem is no worse than London’s great smog in 1952 and Japan’s smog of the 1960s . China overtook the US as the biggest source of greenhouse gases in 2006 and has put the globe on a path to exceed UN targets for the rise in the Earth’s temperature. With similar causes of air pollution such as coal burning, vehicle emissions, China can certainly learn from London’s experience in the 1950s in tackling the smog problem. However, there are also differences in the scale of the events  the lessons learned from London may not be well suited for China .

21. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS TACKLING THE POLLUTION AND STOP ITS GDP WORSHIP

22. THANKS FOR WATCHING