DM CASE STUDY-04 BHOPAL GAS DISASTER.pptx

Incident overview;
Bhopal Gas tragedy;
Cuses of the disaster;
Disaster management;
Chemical Disaster;
Chemical reactions;
Economical Impact;
Effect of the disaster;
Rescue and relief-bhopal gas tragedy;
acute effects-bhopal gas tragedy;
improvements in laws;

1. Bhopal Gas Tragedy December-3, 1984 DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 1 Prof. Samirsinh. P. Parmar Assistant Professor Dept. of Civil Engineering, DDU Email ID: [email protected]

2. CONTENT:- INCIDENT OVERVIEW CAUSES ACUTE EFFECT ECONOMICAL IMPACT RESCUE & RELIEF IMPROVEMENTS SAFETY DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 2

3. What is Industrial disaster?? They are a form of industrial accident where great damage, injury or loss of life are caused. Other disasters can also be considered industrial disasters, if their causes are rooted in the products or processes of industry. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 3

4. BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 4

5. Incident Overview C hemical accident Occurred on 3 December,1984  Occurred at the  Union Carbide India Limited  (UCIL)  pesticide  plant in  Bhopal ,  Madhya Pradesh , India. Considered the  world's worst industrial disaster . DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 5

6. Who is Responsibl e for this disaster?? Were the workers at fault? Was it the company that owned this factory? Or was the government responsible for it ? DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 6

7. Cause of Bhopal gas tragedy In,1969 the company started a factory to produce sevin . To manufacture sevin , a chemical was needed Methyl Isocyanate(MIC). MIC is very dangerous and deadly chemical. MIC was imported into India before 1980, but after 1980 the company the Union Carbide suffered losses. So they have decided that they would start manufacturing MIC in India rather than import it. This is the first red flag. Because manufacturing chemicals and mixing them together is not safe at all. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 7

8. But at the same time the insecticide that the company producing Sevin , its sales started falling in India. Union carbide had to cut down the cost of their product sevin , had to reduce price. And to do so, they had to cut cost to many places. Workforce reduction Hire unqualified workers Safety precautions ignored Repair damage pipes rather than to Replace DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 8 Cause of Bhopal gas tragedy

9. Let’s try to understand what was happening in the plant. MIC was stored in liquid form in 3 huge tanks underground. For safety, E610 and E611 filled with MIC for 60% of the volume of Tank and E619 remain empty for emergency. Here red pipes were for extract the dangerous gases and green pipes were for the add to nitrogen to increase pressure. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 9 Sequence of the event….

10. MIC + water has a very dangerous reaction. If MIC gets into contact with water, not even water, even if it gets into contact with air, because air contains some moisture. Their reaction release poisonous gas METHYLAMINE. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 10 Sequence of the event….

11. None of them was supposed to be filled up with MIC more then 60%, But they were. The third tank was supposed to be empty for emergencies, but the third tank was also filled to save money. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 11 Sequence of the event….

12. Secondly, the pressure of 2 out of the 3 tanks wasn’t right. Thirdly, the indicator showing the level of MIC, wasn’t working. When the temperature go high there is one Alarm but the Alarm wasn’t working either. So there were so many problems, safety measures were being ignored. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 12 Sequence of the event….

13. Workers Started washing pipes attached to the MIC tanks, but noticed something strange while pouring the water, the water wasn’t coming out from the other side of the pipes. Normally, the pipes have something called the ‘ slip blind ’, but there were no slip Blinds on these pipes so water goes into this tank. MIC and water have a deadly reaction, clouds of gases started forming and pressure kept building up in the tank. Remember, this tank was underground. The concrete above started breaking apart. The people present there had realised that the situation was out of the control of any person. Post 1 AM, the city of Bhopal was in the grip of terror. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 13 Sequence of the event….

14. The gas spread to most parts of the city. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 14

15. Acute Effects The initial effects of exposure  coughing, severe eye irritation a feeling of suffocation Burning in the respiratory tract Breathlessness stomach pains And vomiting. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 15

16. The doctor w eren’t aware of how the symptoms were supposed to be treated or what the problem was. Because the doctors didn’t know which gases were leaking there. Some doctors gave oxygen to the patients be cause they were having trouble in breathing. but actually, a large amount of oxygen reacts badly with this gas. Due to this many patient died in the hospital. By the next morning, thousands of people have died and dead bodies of animals were all over the roads. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 16 Consequences of the event….

17. Thousands of people had died by this disaster. Primary causes of deaths were choking, reflexogenic  circulatory collapse , and  pulmonary oedema . Findings during  autopsies  revealed changes not only in the lungs but also  cerebral oedema ,  tubular necrosis  of the kidneys,  fatty degeneration of the liver , and necrotising  enteritis . The individuals who did not die suffered from cancer, blindness, loss of livelihood, and financial strain. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 17 Consequences of the event….

18. Estimates vary on the death toll, with the official number of immediate deaths being 2,259. In 2008, the  Government of Madhya Pradesh  paid compensation to the family members of 3,787 victims killed in the gas release, and to 574,366 injured victims.  A government affidavit in 2006 stated that the leak caused 558,125 injuries, including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries. Others estimate that 8,000 died within two weeks, and another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-related diseases DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 18 Consequences of the event….

19. ECONOMICAL IMPACT The gas leak has had many adverse effects on income, transportation, and other necessities. When calculated in 2004, the Gross Domestic Product per capital increased from $1,000 in 1984 to $2,900. Economic growth continued at a rate of 8% per year. Seventy-five percent of Bhopal people are unable to work for more than a few hours at a time. Due to the people not being able to work, the economy has suffered. The people cannot work, therefore they have no money for luxuries, or even basic necessities. Banks tend to give loans with outrageous interest fees. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 19

20. Rescue and Relief What were the actions taken by Government and the company Union Carbide? Union Carbide sent their technical team to Bharat and the team converts the remaining MIC into a less dangerous gas. This operation was named “Operation Faith” . The Union Carbide company sent money as relief. They gave millions to the government, the red cross and other relief organisations. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 20

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22. Response Efforts In the wake of the release, Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) provided immediate aid to the victims and attempted to set up a process to resolve their claims. Immediately provided approximately $2mation in aid to the Prime Minister's Relief Fund. Immediately and continuously provided medical equipment and supplies; Sent an international team of medical experts to Bhopal to provide expertise and assistance. Openly shared all its information on methylisocyanate (MIC) with the Government of India (GOI), including all published and unpublished toxicity studies available at the time. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 22

23. Dispatched a team of technical MIC experts to Bhopal on the day after the tragedy, which came MIC studies that were widely shared with medical and scientific personnel in Bhopal: Funded the attendance by Indian medical experts at special meetings on research and treatment for victims: Provided a $2.2 million grant to Arizona State University to establish a vocational technical centre in Bhopal, which was constructed and opened, but was later closed and levelled by the government; Offered an initial $10 million to build a hospital in Bhopal, the offer was declined; Provided an additional $5 million to the Indian Red Cross . DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 23 Response Efforts

24. Established an independent charitable trust for a Bhopal hospital and provided initial funding of approximately $20 million, and hospital. Upon the sale of its interest in Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL), and pursuant to a court order provided approximately $90 million to the charitable trust. The government done operation involved evacuating the affected people, providing medical care, distributing relief materials, and cleaning up the contaminated site. However, the rescue operation faced many challenges and limitations, such as lack of information about the nature and extent of the gas leak, inadequate resources and coordination, delayed and insufficient compensation, and legal disputes with the UCC. The rescue operation is still ongoing, as many survivors and their children continue to suffer from health problems and environmental damage caused by the gas leak. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 24 Response Efforts

25. Improvement after Disaster The first law to be brought in after the accident, was the Environment Protection Act. This Act ensure that the industries take steps to protect the environment. In the same year, a new clause was inserted in the Factories Act To clearly state who shall be deemed to be the occupier of the factory. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 25

26. A Company or person to be responsible for the factory, It wasn’t clearly defined before this . Over the next years, more such laws were introduced to support the victim of industrial disasters. Some law made on the amount of hazardous material can be stored in the factory DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 26 Improvement after Disaster

27. How can we prevent to be disaster like the Bhopal gas tragedy?? To prevent such a disaster from happening again, we need to take several measures, such as: Ensuring that the safety standards and regulations for handling hazardous chemicals are strictly followed and enforced by the authorities and the industries. Installing and maintaining proper safety equipment and systems, such as refrigeration, vent gas scrubbers, flare towers, alarms, and emergency response plans, to prevent or minimize the risk of leaks and explosions . DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 27

28. Educating and training the workers and the managers on the potential hazards and the precautions to be taken while working with dangerous substances. Conducting regular inspections and audits of the plants and the storage facilities to check for any defects or malfunctions. Implementing effective waste management and disposal practices to avoid environmental contamination and health problems for the nearby communities. Promoting public awareness and participation in monitoring and reporting any violations or incidents related to chemical industries. DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 28 How can we prevent to be disaster like the Bhopal gas tragedy??

29. REFERENCE ;- International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal Bhopal Medical Appeal Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief & Rehabilitation Department  at the Government of Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Information Center , Union Carbide India Environmental Portal  Updated news on Bhopal Gas Disaster Bhopal:Anatomy of a Crisis  by  Paul Shrivastava , Paul Chapman Publishing, 1987, CREDIT: TIMES OF INDIA DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 29 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329671545_Corporate_and_governmental_responsibilities_for_preventing_chemical_disasters_Lessons_from_Bhopal

30. COURSE:-DISASTER MANEGMENT PRESENTED BY :- ANAND SAGAR PRADIP PARMAAR PRIYANK PATEL DHARMESH VADI RAHUL PATEL DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 30 BOOKs on Bhopal Gas tragedy

31. BOOKs on Bhopal Gas tragedy DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 31

32. THANKS DM-Case Study, SPP-DoCL, DDU-Nadiad, Gujarat, India 32