DML, DDL, DCL ,DRL/DQL and TCL Statements in SQL with Examples

DML, DDL, DCL ,DRL/DQL and TCL Statements in SQL with Examples

1. DML, DDL, DCL ,DRL/DQL and TCL Statements in SQL with Examples

2. SQL language is divided into four types of primary language statements: DML, DDL, DCL and TCL. Using these statements, we can define the structure of a database by creating and altering database objects, and we can manipulate data in a table through updates or deletions. We also can control which user can read/write data or manage transactions to create a single unit of work.

3. The five main categories of SQL statements are as follows: 1 .  DML (Data Manipulation Language) 2.  DDL (Data Definition Language) 3.  DCL (Data Control Language) 4.  TCL (Transaction Control Language ) 5. DRL

4. DML (Data Manipulation Language) DML statements affect records in a table. These are basic operations we perform on data such as selecting a few records from a table, inserting new records, deleting unnecessary records, and updating/modifying existing records. DML statements include the following: SELECT  – select records from a table INSERT  – insert new records UPDATE  – update/Modify existing records DELETE  – delete existing records

5. INSERT - insert data into a table UPDATE - updates existing data within a table DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update) CALL - call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram EXPLAIN PLAN - explain access path to data LOCK TABLE - control concurrency

6. DDL (Data Definition Language) DDL statements are used to alter/modify a database or table structure and schema. These statements handle the design and storage of database objects. CREATE  – create a new Table, database, schema ALTER  – alter existing table, column description DROP  – delete existing objects from database

7. CREATE - to create objects in the database ALTER - alters the structure of the database DROP - delete objects from the database TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are removed COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary RENAME - rename an object

8. DCL (Data Control Language) DCL statements control the level of access that users have on database objects. GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database GRANT  – allows users to read/write on certain database objects REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command REVOKE  – keeps users from read/write permission on database objects

9. TCL (Transaction Control Language) TCL statements allow you to control and manage transactions to maintain the integrity of data within SQL statements. BEGIN Transaction  – opens a transaction COMMIT Transaction  – commits a transaction ROLLBACK Transaction  – ROLLBACK a transaction in case of any error

10. COMMIT - save work done SAVEPOINT - identify a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back ROLLBACK - restore database to original since the last COMMIT SET TRANSACTION - Change transaction options like isolation level and what rollback segment to use

11. TCL command Transaction Control Language(TCL) commands are used to manage transactions in database.These are used to manage the changes made by DML statements. It also allows statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.

12. Commit command Commit command is used to permanently save any transaaction into database. Following is Commit command's syntax, commit ;

13. Rollback command This command restores the database to last commited state. It is also use with savepoint command to jump to a savepoint in a transaction. Following is Rollback command's syntax, rollback to savepoint -name ;

14. Savepoint command savepoint  command is used to temporarily save a transaction so that you can rollback to that point whenever necessary. Following is savepoint command's syntax, savepoint savepoint -name ;

15. Example of Savepoint and Rollback Following is the  class   table ID NAME 1 dar 2 wahab 4 sadiq

16. Lets use some SQL queries on the above table and see the results. INSERT into class values(5,'Rahul'); commit; UPDATE class set name=' abhijit ' where id='5'; savepoint A ; INSERT into class values(6,'Chris'); savepoint B ; INSERT into class values(7,'Bravo'); savepoint C ; SELECT * from class;

17. The resultant table will look like, ID NAME 1 dar 2 wahab 4 sadiq 5 hmftj 6 maha 7 anza

18. Now  rollback  to  savepoint B rollback to B; SELECT * from class;

19. The resultant table will look like ID NAME 1 dar 2 wahab 4 sadiq 5 maha 6 anza

20. Now rollback to  savepoint A rollback to A; SELECT * from class;

21. The result table will look like ID NAME 1 dar 2 wahab 4 sadiq 5 sarim

22. DRL/DQL DQL: Data Query Language OR DRL: Data Retrieval Language DRL means Data Retrieval Language. This will be used for the retrieval of the data from the database. In order to see the data present in the database, we will use DRL statement. We have only one DRL statement. SELECT is the only DRL statement in SQL Select is DRL/DQL i.e. data retrieval Language

23. SQL statements are often divided into three categories: DML (Data Manipulation Language). These SQL statements are used to retrieve and manipulate data. This category encompasses the most fundamental commands including DELETE, INSERT, SELECT, and UPDATE. DML SQL statements have only minor differences between SQL variations. DML SQL commands include the following: DELETE to remove rows. INSERT to add a row. SELECT to retrieve row. UPDATE to change data in specified columns. DDL (Data Definition Language). These SQL statements define the structure of a database, including rows, columns, tables, indexes, and database specifics such as file locations. DDL SQL statements are more part of the DBMS and have large differences between the SQL variations. DML SQL commands include the following: CREATE to make a new database, table, index, or stored query. DROP to destroy an existing database, table, index, or view. DBCC (Database Console Commands) statements check the physical and logical consistency of a database. DCL (Data Control Language) . These SQL statements control the security and permissions of the objects or parts of the database(s). DCL SQL statements are also more part of the DBMS and have large differences between the SQL variations. DML SQL commands include the following: GRANT to allow specified users to perform specified tasks. DENY to disallow specified users from performing specified tasks. REVOKE to cancel previously granted or denied permissions. »

24. What is the fastest command type from the 3 command types: DDL, DML and DCL? During the execution of DDL command. DDL command would not copy the actual content to rollback table space , hence it is fast compared to DML command.