DMM preparedness and planning management

Disaster Management and mitigation final chapeter

1. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND PLANNING MANAGEMENT

2. UNIT - I: Introduction - Concepts and definitions: disaster, hazard, vulnerability, resilience, risks severity, frequency and details, capacity, impact, prevention, mitigation. UNIT - II Disasters - Disasters classification; natural disasters (floods, draught, cyclones, volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunami, landslides, coastal erosion, soil erosion, forest fires etc.); manmade disasters (industrial pollution, artificial flooding in urban areas, nuclear radiation, chemical spills, transportation accidents, terrorist strikes, etc.); hazard and vulnerability profile of India, mountain and coastal areas, ecological fragility. UNIT - III Disaster Impacts - Disaster impacts (environmental, physical, social, ecological, economic, political, etc.); health, psycho-social issues; demographic aspects (gender, age, special needs); hazard locations; global and national disaster trends; climate change and urban disasters. UNIT - IV Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) - Disaster management cycle – its phases; prevention, mitigation, preparedness, relief and recovery; structural and non-structural measures; risk analysis, vulnerability and capacity assessment; early warning systems, Post disaster environmental response (water, sanitation, food safety, waste management, disease control, security, communications); Roles and responsibilities of government, community, local institutions, NGOs and other stakeholders; Policies and legislation for disaster risk reduction, DRR programmes in India and the activities of National Disaster Management Authority. UNIT - V Disasters, Environment and Development - Factors affecting vulnerability such as impact of developmental projects and environmental modifications (including of dams, land use changes, urbanization etc.), sustainable and environmental friendly recovery; reconstruction and development methods. SYLLABUS

3. CONTENTS Disasters, Environment and Development - Factors affecting vulnerability such as impact of developmental projects and environmental modifications (including of dams, land use changes, urbanization etc.), Sustainable and environmental friendly recovery, reconstruction and development methods.

4. Disasters, Environment and Development Disasters, Environment and Development Factors affecting vulnerability such as impact of developmental projects. Environmental modifications (including of dams, land use changes, urbanization etc.).

5. Disasters, Environment and Development Over the past few years, there has been an apparent increase in the number of natural disasters, and with it, increasing losses on account of urbanisation and population growth. Clearly, the perspective on development has been one-dimensional, that is, cognisance has been taken exclusively of the growth aspect, without an eye on sustainability. Disaster can be defined as “any serious disruption in the functioning of the society, caused by a hazard having wide spread human, material, environmental and other losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources.” Development’ is a comprehensive social, economical and political process that aims at the constant improvement of the well being of the population and all individuals.

6. Disasters, Environment and Development Disasters and Development are interrelated, both in positive and negative ways. Skewed choices in development planning result in adverse consequences for the environment and people. If the same choices are made ‘rationally’ on the basis of hazard evaluation and risk assessment exercises with an eye on disaster prevention, development becomes a boon, not a bane, as alleged in every case. The interconnection between disasters and development is also brought out by the fact that public policy has been deficient in many respects. This has resulted in vulnerabilities that have exacerbated disaster losses that would otherwise not have accrued.

7. Disasters, Environment and Development

8. Disasters, Environment and Development Development has had many positive impacts globally. However, the environment has suffered degradation due to increased  urbanisation  and  industrialisation . The four most significant environmental issues are  deforestation ,  pollution ,  desertification , and the  extinction of species . The most important environmental pressure points are  population growth ,  excessive consumption ,  the growth of capitalism , and  the growth of  industrialisation . The four most significant environmental impacts of global development are deforestation, pollution, desertification, and the extinction of species. The most important environmental impacts of global development in developing countries are desertification and air and water pollution. Water pollution .

9. Disasters, Environment and Development

10. Disasters, Environment and Development Factors affecting vulnerability: Vulnerabilities is a set of prevailing or consequential conditions resulting from physical, social, economic and environmental factors. Developmental projects and environmental modifications also aggravate the vulnerability of an area. Example, Resorts at coastal regions increase hazard vulnerability.

11. Disasters, Environment and Development Effects of Dams: Large dams have led to the  extinction of many fish and other aquatic species, the disappearance of birds in floodplains, huge losses of forest, wetland and farmland, erosion of coastal deltas , and many other immitigable impacts. It may result in reservoir induced disasters

12. Disasters, Environment and Development Effects of Land use changes: Land development can lead to the formation of “heat islands,” domes of warmer air over urban and suburban areas that are caused by the loss of trees and shrubs and the absorption of more heat by pavement, buildings, and other sources. Heat islands can affect local, regional, and global climate, as well as air quality.

13. Disasters, Environment and Development Effects of Land urbanization: Urban areas can grow from increases in human populations or from migration into urban areas. Urbanization often results in  deforestation, habitat loss, and the extraction of freshwater from the environment , which can decrease biodiversity and alter species ranges and interactions. Air pollution, heat island effect and urban floods, etc.

14. Urbanization

15. S ustainability: Sustainable development  is an  organizing principle  for meeting  human development  goals while also sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the  natural resources  and  ecosystem services  on which the economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resources are used to continue to meet  human needs  without undermining the  integrity  and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of  future generations  to meet their own needs

16. S ustainability:

17. S ustainability:

18. S ustainable and environmental friendly recovery From disasters to development The transition from relief to recovery. Sustainable development. Increasing individual and institutional capacity . The transition from relief to recovery. A distinction is usually made between immediate measures taken to support life and sustain morale, and the later activities dedicated to re-establishing the economic, social and cultural life of the people concerned and rebuilding damaged areas.

19. Sustainable development The World Commission on Environment and Development has defined “sustainable development” in terms of livelihood security. Three key concepts are continually emphasized: — Organization that is responsive to local needs; — Improvisation; — Incremental improvement. Increasing individual and institutional capacity Increasing the capacity of people to offset risk, absorb shocks and meet contingencies is central to the goal of sustainable recovery. Reconstruction of a damaged area is not limited to the erection of new buildings .

20. Assessment for recovery Continuing relief efforts, such as the provision of emergency shelter, water, sanitation, etc., will not produce recovery alone. By the very nature of the emergency response, such activities are often not well integrated into long-term development processes. Reconstruction of housing The number of people concerned , their geographical distribution, age groups, etc. The number of houses damaged and destroyed and the standard and pattern of housing before the disaster. The number of families already engaged in repair or rebuilding; the way in which they are organized; the incorporation of risk-reducing features in rebuilding; the assistance they may require and the possibility of encouraging low-cost risk-reducing techniques.

21. Reconstruction of water-supply and sanitation systems The number of people affected, their geographical distribution, age groups, etc. People’s access to protected water supplies and sanitation systems and the pattern of water-related diseases before the disaster. The data (meteorological, hydrogeological, hydrological, and other relevant data) needed for planning improvements in water supply and sanitation in these areas. The results of an evaluation of emergency response and urgent repairs and measures (i.e. whether and how emergency measures have actually improved access to protected water and sanitation, and decreased the amount of water- and sanitation- related disease).

22. Secondary damage assessment Whereas primary damage assessment involves the rapid appraisal of deaths, injuries and disease, and identification of damage to infrastructure, material resources and services, secondary damage assessment. T hree kinds of loss or disruption. Loss of livelihood , including. Loss of social cohesion , owing to. Loss of cultural identity , owing to.

23. Secondary vulnerability assessment The various kinds of losses discussed above under the headings of livelihood, social cohesion and cultural identity can create new vulnerability to future disasters or make existing vulnerability worse . Recovery planning A thorough evaluation of the relief response up to the point at which recovery planning begins may reveal that secondary damage to livelihoods, social cohesion, or cultural integrity have been left unaddressed or even unintentionally made worse. In addition, a survey of peoples’ responses to such secondary damage may reveal coping mechanisms that can be reinforced or encouraged during recovery.

24. Recovery in different contexts S elf sheltering populations P opulations living in longer-term camps Resettlement Under many circumstances the worst possible plan is to resettle the people affected by a disaster. First, they are likely to resist such attempts; this has happened repeatedly in a variety of countries. Second, such resettlement programmes are complex and costly.

25. Post-disaster environmental health activities and sustainable development Vulnerability reduction T o improve their standards of housing, water supply, sanitation, food safety, dietary security and personal hygiene. People with livelihood security will be less likely to live on a grossly hazardous site. They will also have time to attend meetings and to become involved in community-based organizations that will represent their interests politically.

26. Specific implications of sustainable development in environmental health planning S ustainable development is linked with economic growth. S ustainable development stabilizes or even improves the ecological basis of livelihoods.

27. R econstruction and development methods Reconstruction is the permanent construction or replacement of severely damaged physical structures. I mprove their standards of housing, water supply, sanitation, food safety, dietary security and personal hygiene. D evelopment methods G overnmental and N on-governmental agencies

28. Rehabilitation and reconstruction for long-term camp residents Permanent options for residents of a camp are: to become economically independent and integrated with the host population; to return home; or to leave for some other destination. UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees).

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