DNA and RNA by faunafondness

DNA :- SYNOPSIS :- 1.History
2.Structure of Nucleic acid
3.Structure of DNA & RNA
4.Watson and crick’s model of DNA
5.Types of DNA
6.Types of RNA
7.DNA VS RNA
8.Conclusion

1. DNA & RNA

2. SYNOPSIS History Structure of Nucleic acid Structure of DNA & RNA Watson and crick’s model of DNA Types of DNA Types of RNA DNA VS RNA Conclusion

3. HISTORY In 1869, friedrich Miescher Nuclein With the help of RICHARD ALTMAN in 1889 (Protamine) In 1879, Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene He characterized the different forms of nucleic acid, DNA from RNA, and found that DNA contained Sugar molecule and a phosphate group In 1878,  Albrecht Kossel   isolated the non-protein component of " nuclein ", nucleic acid, and later isolated its five primary nucleobases. In1951,  Francis Crick  with  James Watson gives the structure of DNA

4. Nucleic acid BIOPOLYMERS made up of Monomers. These monomeric units are known as NUCLEOTIDES. PHOSPHATE SUGAR BASE

5. SUGAR 5 carbon sugar hence pentose RIBOSE & DEOXYRIBOSE

6. PHOSPHATE Same molecule present in ATP It is a polar molecule due to presence of highly ionized oxygen atoms

7. NITROGENOUS BASE Molecules in which orgnanic chemicals combines with nitrogen and act as base As they can donate electrons and forms new molecules The nitrogen combines with other atoms to form a ring structure. PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES DOUBLE RING SINGLE RING LARGER SMALLER 6CARBON RING 9CARBON RING

8. SUGAR BASE Glycosidic bond CH2 PHOSPHATE Ester bond

9. Sugar Phosphate backbone Hydrogen bond COMPLIMENTARY BASE PAIRING A G T C

10. WATSON AND CRICK’S DNA MODEL The DNA polynuleotide chain has form of a regular helix. It has diameter of about 20 A. The helix complete turn at every 34 A along its length. The internucleotide distance is 3.4 A consist a stack of 10 nucleotides. The sugar-phosphate backbones remain on the outside, while the core of the helix contains the purine and pyrimidine bases. The DNA helix has a shallow groove called minor groove and a deep groove called major groove The two strands are antiparallel i.e. they ran in opposite directions so that the 3′ end of one chain facing the 5′ end of the other.

11. Types of DNA B-DNA A-DNA Z-DNA

12. B-DNA The most common and predominate type of structural conformation of DNA in cell B-DNA is a right handed helix. Each base pair in B-DNA has same width. The helical diameter of B-DNA is 20A. Each turn on helix in B-DNA posses a height of 34A. Each turn in the B-DNA consists of 10 base pair and the internucleotide distance between these bases is 3.4A. Major groove of B-DNA is wide and deep,and minor goove is narrow and deep.

13. A-DNA A-DNA is formed from B-DNA under dehydrating condition. A-DNA is much wider and flatter than B-DNA. A-DNA is also right handed The helix diameter is 26A. A-DNA contain11.6 base pairs per turn. The distance between the adjacent base pairs 2.9A. A-DNA has narrow and deep major grooves,and minor grooves of A-DNA is wide & shallow. A-DNA is 20-25% shorter than B-DNA due to smaller rise per turn. It has an axial hole at the centre.

14. Z-DNA The Z-DNA is a left handed helical structure, The double helix winds in a zig-zag pattern. The helical diameter is 18A. The height of helix turn is 18A. Each helical turn of Z-DNA contains 12 nucleotides. The distance between each nucleotide is 7.4A. Z-DNA posses a more or less flat major groove and minor groove is narrow and deep. It has solid core at the centre.

15. Types of DNA

16. Types of RNA m-RNA r-RNA t-RNA

17. 2.  Messenger RNA (mRNA): Messenger RNA is a linear molecule transcribed from one strand of DNA. It carries the base sequence complementary to DNA template strand. The base sequence of mRNA is in the form of consecutive triplet codons. Length of mRNA depends upon the length of polypeptide chain it Codes for. Polypeptide length varies from a chain of a few amino acids to thousands of amino acids. m-RNA acoounts for just 5%of the total RNA in the cell. Eukaryotic mRNA is quite stable and survives from a few minutes to more than a day. In mammalian RBC, through the nucleus is lost, mRNA continues to produce haemoglobin for many days.

18. 3 .  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Most of the RNA of the cell is in the form of ribosomal RNA which constitutes about 85% of the total RNA. Ribosomes consist of many types of rRNA. The 70S ribosome of prokaryotes, in its smaller subunit of 30S has 16S rRNA. The 50S larger subunit consists of 23S and 5S rRNA. Similarly 80S ribosome has 18S rRNA in its smaller subunit of 40S. The 60S larger subunit has 28S, 5.8S and 5S rRNA. The rRNA plays major role in protein synthesis. They interact with mRNA and tRNA at each step of translation or protein synthesis. The rRNA molecules form complexes with specific proteins in ribosomes. The RNA- protein complexes are called ribonucleoproteins (RNP).

19. 1 . Transfer RNA (tRNA): It delivers amino acids to ribosome and decodes the information of mRNA. The tRNA plays the role of an adaptor and matches each codon to its particular amino acid in the cytopolasmic pool. The tRNA has two properties: (a) It represents a single amino acid to which it binds covalently. (b) It has two sites. One is a trinucleotide sequence called anticodon, which is complementary to the codon of mRNA. The codon and anticodon form base pairs with each other. The other is amino acid binding site. The tRNA charged with an amino acid is called amino acyl tRNA.

20. 1 . Amino acid arm: It has a seven base pairs stem formed by base pairing between 5′ and 3′ ends of tRNA. At 3′ end a sequence of 5′-CCA-3′ is added. This is called CCA arm or amino acid acceptor arm. Amino acid binds to this arm during protein synthesis. 2 . D-arm: Going from 5′ to 3′ direction or anticlockwise direction, next arm is D-arm. It has a 3 to 4 base pair stem and a loop called D-loop or DHU-loop. It contains a modified base dihydrouracil. 3. Anticodon arm: Next is the arm which lies opposite to the acceptor arm. It has a five base pair stem and a loop in which there are three adjacent nucleotides called anticodon which are complementary to the codon of mRNA. 4. An extra arm: Next lies an extra arm which consists of 3-21 bases. Depending upon the length, extra arms are of two types, small extra arm with 3-5 bases and other a large arm having 13-21 bases. 5. T-arm or TψC arm: It has a modified base pseudouridine ψ. It has a five base pair stem with a loop. There are about 50 different types of modified bases in different tRNAs, but four bases are more common. One is ribothymidine which contains thymine which is not found in RNA. Other modified bases are pseudouridine ψ, dihyrouridine and inosine.

21. DNA VS RNA Comparison DNA RNA Name DeoxyriboNucleic Acid RiboNucleic Acid Function Long-term storage of genetic information; transmission of genetic information to make other cells and new organisms. Used to transfer the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes to make proteins. RNA is used to transmit genetic information in some organisms and may have been the molecule used to store genetic blueprints in primitive organisms. Structural Features B-form double helix. DNA is a double-stranded molecule consisting of a long chain of nucleotides. A-form helix. RNA usually is a single-strand helix consisting of shorter chains of nucleotides. Composition of Bases and Sugars deoxyribose sugar phosphate backbone adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine bases ribose sugar phosphate backbone adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil bases Propagation DNA is self-replicating. RNA is synthesized from DNA on an as-needed basis. Base Pairing AT (adenine-thymine) GC (guanine-cytosine) AU (adenine-uracil) GC (guanine-cytosine) Ultraviolet Damage DNA is susceptible to UV damage. Compared with DNA, RNA is relatively resistant to UV damage.

22. Conclusion RNA and DNA are very similar in structure. For example both includes phosphate groups and nitrogenous bases.two important differences are that DNA uses sugar deoxyribose while RNA uses closely related sugar ribose. In addition DNA uses the bases A,G,C,T while RNA uses A,G,C,U. THYMINE of DNA is shielded by methyl group which gives extra stability whereas RNA has URACIL without any protecting group. And also double strands of DNA gives extra strength,thus DNA is most suited as a hereditary material than RNA molecule.

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24. Reference Cell biology by PS VERMA Lehninger-Principle of biochemistry Fundamental of biochemistry by J.L.Jain