DNA Cells Reproduction - Control Centre of the Cell

DNA_Cells_Reproduction

1. Reproduction
Unit 4

2. The Nucleus Controls the Functions of Life
Chapter 4

3. Think of how the workers at the Confederation
Building control NL.
All of the plans (DNA) for NL are kept there.
The Nucleus Controls the Functions of Life

4. Nerve cells, for example, are controlled by its
nucleus.
The nucleus sends out messages to the rest of
the cell, allowing the cell to perform activities
such as obtaining nutrients, turning these
nutrients into energy, growing, reproducing and
getting rid of waste.
The nucleus controls the life of a cell

5. The nucleus controls the functions of a living
cell.
DNA in the nucleus carry the master set of
instructions for cell function.
4.1 The Function of the
Nucleus within the Cell

6. The color of your eyes, the pitch of your voice,
and the size of your nose are all traits that are
passed on to you by yours biological parents
A trait is a particular feature that can vary in
size or form from individual to individual within
a species
Traits

7. DOMINANT TRAIT RECESSIVE TRAIT (Allelic to left
column)
Brown eyes
PTC taster
Widow's Peak
Middigital hair
Tongue roller
Detached earlobe
A and B blood type (codominant)
Rh positive blood type
Pattern baldness (dominant in
males)
Blue eyes (more complex, simplified
here)
PTC non taster
Lack Widow’s peak
Hairless mid digits
Cannot roll tongue
Attached earlobe
Type O blood type
Rh negative blood type
Pattern baldness (recessive in
females)
Non-pathological (do not need to study)

8. DOMINANT TRAITS RECESSIVE TRAITS (Not alleles of
left column)
Achondroplasia
Brachydactyly
Congenital stationary night
blindness
Ehler-Danlos syndrome
Fascio-scapulo-humeral muscular
dystrophy
Huntington disease
Hypercholesterolemia
Marfan Syndrome
Nail-patella syndrome
Neurofibromatosis
Polydactyly
Albinism
Alkaptonuria
Atasia telangiectasia
Color blindness
Cystic fibrosis
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Galactosemia
Hemophilia
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Phenylketonuria
Sickle-cell anemia
Tay-Sachs disease
Pathological (do not need to study)

9. Is the process through which patterns of traits
are passed on from an individual to its
offspring
Heredity

10. Cell have many organelles (cell membrane, cytoplasm,
mitochondria...)
The nucleus is the organelle responsible for
heredity and controlling function of the cell.
The Nucleus is Responsible
for Heredity

11. Give an example of a trait?
What is heredity?
Where is hereditary information stores?
Understanding Check

12. Every cell in your body has a function.
How do cells become retina cells vs. bone cells?
The nucleus contains the master set of
instructions that determines what each cell will
become, how it will function, when it will grow
and divide, and when it will die.
The Nucleus:
Control Centre of the Cell

13. Cell Dying

14. Every cell contains in your body contains all the
same information. So the cells in your heart
contain the DNA for your whole body. But the
cells in your heart just activate and reproduce
the cell in your heart. Think of a carpenter who
has the blueprints for a house but when he is in
the living room he just uses those instruction to
work on that room.
Cells

15. what each cell becomes
how it will function
when it will grow and divide
and when it will die.
The nucleus contains the master instructions that determine

16. Instruction in the nucleus are carried in long,
two stranded molecules called DNA.
It looks like a twisted ladder.
The two strands, or sides, of the DNA ladder
wrap around each other in a spiral shape that
scientists call a double helix (Greek for “to
wrap”)
DNA carries the master set of
instructions for cell function

17. The sides of the DNA are made of sugar and
phosphate
The steps are made of four nitrogen bases,
which are represented by the letters A
(adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine), and T
(thymine)
DNA continued...

19. Everything that occurs in a cell is the result of
how the bases on the DNA molecule are
arranged
The arrangement is know as the DNA message
DNA bases always join in specific ways
A and T
G and C
Arrangement of bases in
DNA directs all cell activities

20. The order and number of bases can vary
greatly within a DNA molecule.
In humans, a single DNA molecule can be
several million base pairs in length.
Arrangement of bases in
DNA directs all cell activities continued.....

21. Most of the time it is stored in the nucleus in a
loosely coiled form
When a cell is growing, the DNA is uncoiled and
aids in the making of proteins
Protein is essential material needed for the cell
to carry out the activities necessary for its
survival.
How is DNA stored?

22. When a cell is ready to divide, each strand of
loosely coiled DNA folds up further into a very
compact, X-shaped structure call a
chromosome
How is DNA stored? Continued ...

24. Chromosomes within the nucleus are found in
pairs
Most humans have 46 chromosomes in 23
pairs
1 pair helps determine gender
In males the 23
rd
pair of chromosomes is XY
In females it is XX
Every organism has a characteristic
number of chromosomes

26. Human have 46 chromsomes
Comparison of Chromosomes Number in Various
Organisms

27. Cows have 60 chromosomes
Comparison of Chromosomes Number in Various
Organisms

28. Chickens have 78 chromosomes
Comparison of Chromosomes Number in
Various Organisms

29. Corn has 20 chromosomes
Comparison of Chromosomes Number in Various
Organisms

30. Butterflies had 80 chromosomes
Comparison of Chromosomes Number in Various
Organisms

31. Bats have 44 chromosomes
Comparison of Chromosomes Number in
Various Organisms

32. Segments of DNA located at a specific place on
a chromosome; each contains information to
produce proteins
What gene scared
Angelina Jolie?
Genes – most know for their function

33. Genes are Found in Chromosomes
Genes are small segments of DNA located at
specific places o a chromosome.
Genes store the information needed to
produce 90,000 to 100,000 different proteins
used in the cells of your body

34. Chromosome contains the coded information
for thousands of traits.
Chromosomes are
made up of genes.

35. Chromosomes are a train and
genes are the cars that make up
a long train.

36. Each of your body cells has the same amount
of genetic information stores within its 46
chromosomes.
However, only specific genes are “read “in each
cell to produce specific proteins.
By making specific proteins , a cell becomes
specialized to carry out a particular function.
Proteins determine what body cells
become and how they function

37. Special cells come together to
form tissue (such as your retinas).

38. Proteins needed to make your muscles work
are made on in your muscle.
Proteins needed to help you read my notes are
made only in your eyes.
Tissue comes together to form organs

39. Specialized proteins called enzymes speed up
hundreds of chemical reaction in cell.
Digestive enzymes break down food into
nutrients molecules that provide energy for cell
Some proteins act as chemical messengers
called hormones. Growth hormones function
to prepare a cell of division by making sure the
ell has enough nutrients to divide.
Enzymes and Hormones

40. All the information is stored in long molecules
called strands of DNA. When one cell breaks
into two, it first copies the DNA so that each
new cell gets a full copy.
On each strand of DNA are hundreds of Genes,
each gene controls a particular aspect of you.
Like telling if you have blue eyes or brown for
example.

42. During sexual reproduction a sperm and an
egg fuse to make a new individual. Half of the
DNA comes from each of the two cells to form
one. So half of your DNA came from your father
and half from your mother.

43. This is a change in the sequence of DNA. If can
cause changes in the individual and can be
passed down to the next generation.
4.2 Mutations

44. 1) Silent: Meaning that it did not have an effect
on the product of the gene.
2) Negative: Meaning that there was an effect
and it somehow made things worse than
before the mutation.
3) Positive: Meaning that there was an effect
but it made things better than they were
before.
Mutation can be one of three types

45. A few individuals have been found to be
resistant to the HIV virus and therefore, to AIDS
Positive Mutation

46. Some plants have developed resistance to
bacterial and fungal infections.
Positive mutations create proteins that are
beneficial to the plant and protect them from
disease-causing invaders.
Positive Mutation cont...

47. Negative mutations reduce the probability that
organisms will produce offspring or survive in
their environment.
Substitution of base A for base T can cause
hemoglobin to take on a different shape
Abnormal shaped molecules cannot carry
oxygen efficiently.
Negative Mutation
– Sickle Cell Anemia

48. Abnormal shaped molecules block blood flow,
causing pain and often organ damage since
blood carrying nutrients cannon reach organs
such as the lungs, liver and kidneys.
Negative Mutation
– Sickle Cell Anemia cont...

49. It is another genetic disease caused by
mutation
It can be caused by more than 1300 different
mutations in one gene
Mucus builds up because the protein that
normally functions to transport chloride ions
into and out of the cell is not made correctly.
Negative Mutation – Cystic Fibrosis

50. This causes respiratory problems
Negative Mutation – Cystic Fibrosis

51. A substitution of one base for another base
DNA sequence may not change an organism
(misspelled word does not change a sentence)
The same protein will be made and may still
function normally
The change does not effect survival rate of
organism
Neutral Mutation

52. Sequence Ingredient
Gene
Recipe
Chromosome
Recipe Book
Nucleus
Book Shelf
Cell
Library
Let us look at a
comparison for DNA