DNA Fingerprinting (AFLP, RFLP, RAPD) & Its advntages and application

DNA Fingerprinting (AFLP, RFLP, RAPD) & Its advntages and application

1. AFLP,RAPD,RFLP PRESENTED BY Dr Swaati Sharma

2. AFLP Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism

3. PRINCIPLE OF AFLP The AFLP technique is based on the principle of selectively amplifying a subset of restriction fragments from a complex mixture of DNA fragments obtained after digestion of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases.

4. PROCEDURE IN AFLP Following steps are involve in AFLP: - Digestion - Adaptor Ligation - Amplification - Electrophoresis

5. Two different restriction endonucleases are used in digestion. One is 4-base cutter ( Mse I ) and the other one is 6-base cutter ( Eco RI ). Mse I 5’TTAA3’ Eco RI 5’GAATTC3’ Two different adaptors (short double stranded DNA sequences with sticky end) are ligated to the digested fragments. One adaptor will complement to the Mse l cut end, the other will complement to the Eco RI cut end. DNA fragments with Mse I- Eco RI ends with be selected as DNA template for amplication . two PCR primers complementary to the two adaptors are used in amplification. the PCR primers are labelled with radioactive or fluorescence dye for detection of DNA bands on gels polyacrylamide gel is used for separating DNA bands. Normally, 30-100 DNA bands can be detected by AFLP on polycrylamide gel.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF AFLP dominant marker. DNA variation is detected by presence/absence of DNA bands due to: a) presence/absence of restriction sites b) additional bases (insertion) between two restriction sites are too large

7. ADVANTAGES higher reproducibility compared to RAPD. highly polymorphic

8. RAPD 'Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA'

9. RAPD It is a type of PCR reaction, but the segments of DNA that are amplified are random. RAPD creates several short primers (8–12 nucleotides), then proceeds with the PCR using a large template of genomic DNA, the fragments will amplify. By resolving the resulting patterns, a semi-unique profile can be gleaned from a RAPD reaction .

10. PRINCIPLE OF RAPD RAPD is a PCR based technique for identifying genetic variation. It involves use of single arbitrary primer in a PCR reaction, resulting in amplification of many discrete DNA. RAPD technology provides a quick and efficient screen for DNA sequence based polymorphism at a very large number of loci.

11. RAPD is a method develop in 1990 similar to PCR. It is different from conventional PCR as it need one primer for amplification. The size of primer is shorter(10 nucleotides) therefore less specific. - the primers can be designed without the experimenter having any genetic information for the organism being tested. Genomic DNA normally has complimentary sequences to RAPD primers at many locations. The RAPD technology has provided a quick and efficient screen for DNA-sequence polymorphisms at a very large no of loci. Normally, a few (3-20) loci can be amplified by one single RAPD primer.

12. PROCEDURE Extraction of DNA Selection of Primers: The standard RAPD technology utilises short synthetic oligonucleotides (10 bases long) of random sequences as primers to amplify nanogram amounts of total genomic DNA under low annealing temperatures by PCR. PCR Amplification The polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a relatively simple but powerful technique that amplifies a DNA template to produce multiple copies of specific DNA fragment in vitro. PCR amplification consists of following 3 steps: DENATURATION ANNEALING- EXTENSION Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of PCR Amplified DNA

13. ADVANTAGES OF RAPD Main advantages of the RAPD technology include ( i ) suitability for work on anonymous genomes. (ii)applicability to problems where only limited quantities of DNA are available. (iii) efficiency and low expense

14. DISADVANTAGES OF RAPD Amplification either occurs at a locus or it does not, leading to scores based on band presence or absence. This means that homozygotes and heterozygotes cannot be distinguished. Nothing is known about the identity of the amplification products unless the studies are supported by pedigree analysis.

15. CONCLUSION RAPD is probably the easiest and cheapest methods for laboratory just beginning to use molecular markers. RAPD markers have found a wide range of applications in -gene mapping, - population genetics, -molecular evolutionary genetics - plant and animal breeding. This is mainly due to the speed, cost and efficiency of the RAPD technique to generate large numbers of markers in a short period compared with previous methods.

16. RFLP RESTRICTION FRAFMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM

17. RFLP –Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Restriction analysis of DNA by its digestion with restriction endonucleases (RE) in specific restriction sites

18. RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES Enzymes that cleave DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences. Shorter the recognition sequence, the greater the number of fragments generated. Restriction enzymes are isolated from a wide variety of bacterial genera For example, HindII enzyme cuts at GTGCAC or GTTAAC .

19. Variation in the DNA sequence of a genome detected by breaking DNA into pieces with restriction enzymes. REs - recognize specific 4, 5, 6, or 8 base pair ( bp ) nucleotide sequences and cut DNA Change in DNA causes: Gain of restriction site Loss of restriction site

20. ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE fragmenting a sample of DNA by a restriction enzyme resulting DNA fragments are then separated by length through a process known as agarose gel electrophoresis. Then transferred to a membrane via the Southern blot procedure.

21. TECHNIQUE

22. SOUTHERN BLOTTING A method to visualize specific segments of DNA– usually a particular gene. Uses radioactive probes that bind to the specific DNA segments.

23. STEPS Soak gel in basic solution to separate DNA strands Transfer DNA on to a nylon membrane (spacing of DNA is maintained) Incubate with radioactive probe for specific segment Wash away unbound probe Detect probes using x-ray film  autoradiograph

24. APPLICATION Genotyping Forensics Paternity tests Patterns in hereditary diseases Families can find out who are at risk for the disease and who are carriers

25. DISADVANTAGES Large amounts of DNA required Automation not possible Few loci detected per assay Need a suitable probe library Time consuming, especially with single-copy probes Costly and Distribution of probes to collaborating laboratories required Moderately demanding technically Different probe/enzyme combinations may be needed