DOC- 20241114-WA0001.pptx

BUR 6105: �Planning Principles & Techniques 1

1. BUR 6105: Planning Principles & Techniques 1 DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS, CONCEPTS, OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES Prepared by: Helen Nzainga (Plan.) Lecturer and Registered Physical Planner (RPP0026)/EIA /Audit Expert )& FMKIP OCTOBER 2024

2. LESSON’S OBJECTIVE By the end of the lesson students should be able to: Demonstrate an increased understanding of key terms, concepts, objectives, principles of planning and management of urban and rural human settlements.

3. WHAT IS PLANNING The term planning can be quite confusing- hence  has many definitions: Basic human activity.  Conscious as opposed from a  spontaneous activity Deciding what to do, in advance of doing it (Lewis Keeble) Creation of orderly, coordinated and harmonious living spaces-to promote health, safety, order, amenity, convenience and general welfare of all inhabitants in human settlements  (Lewis Keeble) .

4. WHAT IS PLANNING Concerned with providing the right site, at the right time, and in the right place, for the right people (John Ratcliffe) .  Art of anticipating change and arbitrating between the economic, social, political and physical forces that determine location, form and the effect of urban development (Thomas Sharp) . 

5. WHAT IS PLANNING Planning not only establishes what is to be done, but also smoothens the way to make it happen (Rory Burke (2003) . He noted that: Planning is all about thinking forward in time.  What varies is how far ahead the plans stretch and how precise they are. The planning process communicates planning information to the project team and stakeholders and obliges them to ‘sign on ” and pledge their support.  When plans are drawn up by those who are going to implement them, they feel obliged (if not totally committed) to complete as planned. 

6. Covid 19 Pandemic Poor Governance

7. Future Desired State   Present Problematic / Undesired State There is no elevator to Success-you have to take the stairs (Zig- Ziglar)

8. Secret: Take one step at a time…..

9. The journey may be windy and lonesome but be focused and keep moving…guided by your vision.

10. WHAT IS PLANNING Prof. Elijah Ndegwa sees planning as the process of anticipating the future we desire and putting measures in place to guide societal systems to receive that future before it comes. Mwalimu Julius Nyerere simply said that to plan is to choose – resources are scarce- maximize  use of resources and minimize wastage. Planning enables people to set realistic goals and choose the best alternative to achieve their desired outcome.  Friedmann saw planning as the process by which scientific and technical knowledge is joined to organize action

11. Emerging issues out of the definitions

12. Fig. 2: Planning and Arbitration of Stakeholders Interests

13. Quizz Point out the likely areas of conflict and discuss how planning can be used in reducing the identified conflicts.

14. Fig.3: Planning taken at All Levels                                               International Level Local   Level National Level County /Regional Level Individual Level Information flow County Plans County specific problems and priorities  National Plans National Policies  Problems and  Priorities        Local Plans       Local specific problems       and priorities   

15. Decision and Policy Makers  Decision and Policy Takers/ Implementers    National Level Regional Level Local Level Individual Level  Fig.4: Decision Making

16. Planning Levels Land use planning can be applied at three broad levels: national, county and local. These are not necessarily sequential but correspond to the levels of Govt at which decision about land use are taken. Different kinds of decision are taken at each level, where the methods of planning and kinds of plans also differ. However, at each level there is need for a land-use strategy, policies that indicate planning priorities, projects that tackle these priorities and operational planning to get the work done.

17. Planning Levels 

18. National Level Here, planning is concerned with national goals and the allocation of resources.  In many cases, national land use planning does not involve the actual allocation of land for different uses, but the establishment of priorities for county-level projects.  A national land-use plan may cover:  Land-use policy : balancing the competing demands for land among different sectors of the economy food production, export crops, tourism, wildlife conservation, housing an public amenities, roads, industry; National development plans and budget : project identification and the allocation of resources for development; Coordination of sectoral agencies involved in land use; Legislation on such subjects as land tenure, forest clearance and water rights.

19. County Level County level refers not necessarily to administrative counties but also to land areas that fall between national and county levels. Development projects are often at this level, where planning first comes to grips with the diversity of the land and its suitability to meet project goals.  When planning is initiated nationally, national priorities have to be translated into local plans. Conflicts between national and local interests will have to be resolved. 

20. County Level The kinds of issues tackled at this stage include:- The siting of developments such as new settlements, forest plantations and irrigation schemes; The need for improved infrastructure such as water supply, roads and marketing facilities; The development of management guidelines for improved kinds of land use on each type of land .

21. Local level The local planning unit may be the village, a group of villages or small water catchments.  At this level, it is easiest to fit the plan to the people, making use of local people’s knowledge and contributions.  Where planning is initiated at the County level, the programme of work to implement changes in land use or management has to be carried out locally.  Alternatively, this may be the first level of planning, with its priorities drawn up by the local people. 

22. Local Level Local-level planning is about getting things done on particular areas of land – what shall be done where and when, and who will be responsible.  Examples are:-  The layout of drainage, irrigation and soil conservation works; The design of infrastructure – road alignment and the siting of crop marketing,. Fertilizer distribution, milk collection or veterinary facilities; The siting of specific projects/ crops on suitable land. Individual homestead site plans

23. Planning is said to influence development: What is to influence ?

24. Fig. 5: Planning and its Influencing Role Positive and Sustainable Outcomes Source: Forbes Davidson

25.                    Monkey See Monkey Do                                    Remember to live and walk the talk, especially those in leadership or top positions of organizations

26. Types of power and their influence

27. Common things of influencing relevant to planning 

28. Vital Skills of Influencing There is no single way of effective influencing.   The application of the following vital skills can help in effective influencing:  1.   Active listening  Self-confidence- Do a SWOT of oneself Adaptability and Flexibility (vary style /approach when and where necessary) Enthusiasm Patience Credibility (Honesty & Consistency) Courage

29. Vital Skills of Influencing 2.  Verbal Fluency:  Know the audience you are dealing with Mind your language of communication  3.   Awareness of Body language: 4.   Visioning:  Gives meaning and purpose to our actions ( helps us to visualize where we want to go and how we want to get there) Can use images, metaphors, analogies and stories  

30. Vital Skills of Influencing 5.  Planning :   Brings in the 6 Ps of Planning i.e. Proper Prior Planning Promotes Peak Performance 6.  Preparation: Also brings in the 6 Ps of Preparation i.e.  Proper Prior Preparation Promotes Peak     Performance 7. Practice : Proper Prior Practice Promotes Peak Performance

31. Who is a Stakeholder?

32. Fig. 6: Various Stakeholders and Consensus Building   VISION Representatives/ Councillors / Negotiators/ Over Seers/ Coordinators/ Mediators/ Facilitators/ Enablers/ Arbitrators.

33. Fig.7: Main Stakeholders/Actors in  Rural Planning Process Stakeholders / Actors Citizens Main customers Knowledge of their needs Motivation for change Their views and expectations Consultants Offer variety of consultancy services Knowledge of their needs and challenges Professional Requirements Private sector Their views as customers Their knowledge Competitors: Their resources and connections Neighbourhood Associations/ Civil Society Organizations Their role, experience and successes, knowledge. Their commitment Their ability to influence decisions either positively or negatively County Governments Their mandate in service provision and governance, e.g. enforcement of plans and by-laws Planning/ Building /Architectural/Engineering requirements. Their influence in effective service delivery (e.g. with RDAs, National Government Ministries and other Policy Makers) Other Regional Development Authorities (RDAs)/ International Development Agencies Their Policies and Requirements (planning and funding related matters ) National Government Ministries Their Planning and property related requirements, Approval of Development plans /projects

34. Take into consideration the needs of all: Rule of wiifm

35. Stakeholder Mapping Stakeholder mapping is a process of finding out the key stakeholders relating to a project. The process involves identifying all individuals who have an interest in the project outcome. A project stakeholder can be one individual or multiple individuals as in the case of large public infrastructure projects. Once all the project stakeholders are identified, the project manager must map, or categorize them, according to different levels of engagement. Mapping of the stakeholder is done according to the following two levels. The level of influence The level of interest By influence, it means stakeholders have power in setting and modifying project requirements.  On the other hand, interest means that stakeholders are affected by the project outcome but they do not have any power to influence project requirements. A project manager should focus on satisfying expectations of the stakeholders who have a high level of influence relating to the project. On the other hand, stakeholders having a high level of interest need to be merely kept informed of the project status. Mapping of shareholders is a visual exercise . You can manually map the stakeholders or use a software to perform the action.  Once you have fully mapped the stakeholders, you need to create an action plan on how to engage with them. Source :https://www.copperproject.com/2017/11/whats-stakeholder-mapping-important/ retrieved 0n 14/11/22

36. Why is Stakeholder Mapping Important? Is essential for the success of a project. Often, most projects involve a large number of stakeholders. Mapping of the stakeholders helps in managing their expectations. Engaging with key stakeholders will also help project managers to get invaluable insights. The insights that the stakeholders will share regarding the project will prove invaluable in successful project outcome. In addition, actively engaging with the stakeholders will result in increased perception of success..  The process of stakeholder mapping can also be viewed as a form of risk management. Meeting the stakeholders’ requirement and keeping them happy will reduce the risk of a project failure. One way to keep stakeholders informed about the project status is by using an online  work management software . An online project management software will help in keeping all types of stakeholders informed regarding the project status. Looking at the project timeline, the stakeholders will know how much work has been completed, and also how much work is left. In short, using an online work management software will increase in better engagement with the stakeholders. Source :https://www.copperproject.com/2017/11/whats-stakeholder-mapping-important/ retrieved 0n 14/11/22

37. Main Objectives of Planning

38. Fig.9: Cycle of Disadvantage

39. Fig.10: Virtuous Cycle of Development

40. Other Specific Urban & Regional Planning Objectives

41. Why Plan? As seen by NGOs & CBO Representatives 

42. Role of Models in Planning

43. Planning and Use of Models

44. Fig.11: SWOT ANALYSIS

45. SWOT

46. SWOT

47. Me-Map Technique ( See Example and draw your own) Material Socia l Emotional Professional Source: VSO Training Manual, 2013

48. Fig. 12:   Finding the “Best Fit”   What do we want to accomplish?   What are we capable of doing?  (resources, capabilities, structures) What weaknesses & threats do we have to face? What is feasible? 

49. Carry out a Personal SWOT Analysis Introduction: Meaning and importance of SWOT analysis as a planning tool. Proceed to, honestly , analyse your personal SWOT and respectively discuss how you intend to utilize your identified Strengths; minimize your Weaknesses; tap into your Opportunities; and shield yourself from the Threats. NB: Remember to include references and avoid the use of bullets (use prose). Maximum of 3 pages [using UoN recommended font type (12 -Times New Roman) and 1.5 spacing]. Date of submission is 8/10/2024 .

50. Thank you and God bless you all.