Docks, Harbour and Ports

This presentation is all about Docks, Harbours and Ports and its types

1. Harbours &Ports
Prepared By:
Arbaz Kazi
Asst. Professor
VCET, Vasai (W)

2. Water Transportation
Thewatertransportationcanfurtherbe
subdividedintotwocategories:
Inlandtransportation
Oceantransportation.

3. •InlandWatertransportationiseitherinthe
formofrivertransportationorcanal
transportation.
•OceanWatertransportationisadoptedfor
tradeandcommerce.
•Itisestimatedthatabout75percentof
internationaltradeiscarriedoutbyshipping.
•Oceanwatertransportationhasanlimitation
anditpossesseshighflexibility.

4. HARBOURSarejustvastparkingspaceswhereships,cargo
containersandvesselsareanchoredforsafetypurposefrom
badclimateandweatherconditions
PORTSareplacesusedforloadingandunloadingofcargo
andplacetomanageallimports,exportsofgoodsbetween
twocountries.
DOCKSaretheplaceswhereshipsaredesignedand
repaired
JETTYaretemporaryparkingspaceprovidedforsmallships
IMPORTANT TERMS

5. Harbour
•Aharbourcanbedefinedasashelteredareaof
theseainwhichvesselscouldbelaunched,
builtortakenforrepair;orcouldseekrefuge
intimeofstorm;orprovideforloadingand
unloadingofcargoandpassengers.
•Harboursarebroadlyclassifiedas:
•Naturalharbours
•Semi-naturalharbours
•Artificialharbours.

6. Natural harbours.
•Naturalformationsaffordingsafedischargefacilitiesforshipsonsea
coasts,intheformofcreeksandbasins,arecallednaturalharbours.
•Withtherapiddevelopmentofnaviesengagedeitherincommerceorwar,
improvedaccommodationandfacilitiesforrepairs,storageofcargoand
connectedamenitieshadtobeprovidedinnaturalharbours.
•Thesizeanddraftofpresentdayvesselshavenecessitatedtheworks
improvementfornaturalharbours.
•Thefactorssuchaslocalgeographicalfeatures,growthofpopulation,
developmentofthearea,etc.havemadethenaturalharboursbigand
attractive.
•BombayandKandlaare,examplesofnaturalharbours

8. Semi-natural harbour.
•Thistypeofharbourisprotectedonsides
byheadlandsprotectionanditrequires
man-madeprotectiononlyattheentrance.
Vishakhapatnamisasemi-naturalharbour.

9. Artificial harbour.
•Wheresuchnaturalfacilitiesarenotavailable,countries
havingaseaboardhadtocreateorconstructsuchshelters
makinguseofengineeringskillandmethods,andsuch
harboursarecalledartificialorman-madeharbours.
Madrasisanartificialharbour.
•Thus,anavalvesselcouldobtainshelterduringbad
weatherwithinatractorareaofwaterclosetotheshore,
providingagoodholdforanchoring,protectedbynatural
orartificialharbourwallsagainstthefuryofstorms

10. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF
HARBOUR:
1.HARBOROFREFUGE
2.COMMERCIALHARBOR
3.FISHRYHARBOR
4.MILLITARYHARBORORNAVELBASE

11. HARBOR OF REFUGE:
The harbor used for ships in storms or emergency
condition. It provides good anchorage and safe and easy
access from the sea.
e.g: DOVER IN ENGLAND

12. COMMERCIAL HARBOR:
Facilities for loading and unloading of cargo are provided.
They may be:
1. Part of bigger complex harbor
2. Independent unit or single commodity harbor
3. Terminal as oil terminal, coal port.

13. FISHRY HARBOR:
Provided for fishing crafts and trawlers.

14. MILLITARY HARBOR:
This harbor is meant for accommodating naval crafts
and serves as a supply deport.
The layout of this type of harbor is greatly influenced
by its location.

15. Site Selection
The guiding factors which play a great role in choice of
site for a harbour are as follows
•Availability of cheap land and construction materials .
•Transport and communication facilities.
•Natural protection from winds and waves
•Industrial development of the locality
•Sea-bed subsoil and foundation conditions
•Traffic potentiality of harbour
•Availability of electrical energy and fresh water
•Favorable marine conditions
•Defense and strategic aspects

16. FEATURES OF A HARBOR:
1.Entrance Channels
2.Berthing Basin
3.Break Water
4.Turning Basin
5.Pier Head
6.Wharves
7.Jetties

17. ENTRANCE CHANNEL:
◦Depth and width are kept more at entrance
◦Width depends upon density of traffic and no: of entrances

18. BERTHING AND TURNING BASINS:
◦Berthing basins are used for the parking of ships
◦While turning for the turning of ships

19. BREAK WATER:
◦The structure constructed to protect harbor from storm waves
◦They are generally stone masonry

20. PIER HEAD:
◦The structure provided at the tip of break water
◦Such as light house

21. Classification of Ports
Dependinguponthelocation,theportscanbe
classifiedas;
• Canal ports
• River ports
• Sea port

22. •Thetermfreeportisusedtoindicateanisolated,enclosedandpolicedarea
forhandlingofcargo;etc.forthepurposeofreshippingwithoutthe
interventionofcustoms.
•Itisfurnishedwiththefacilitiesforloadingandunloading;forstoringgoods
andreshippingthembylandorwater;andforsupplyingfuel.
•Freeportthusindicatesanareawithinwhichgoodscanbelanded,stored,
mixed,blended,repacked,manufacturedandreshippedwithoutpaymentof
dutiesandwithouttheinterventionofcustomdepartment.
•Dependinguponthesizeandlocation,theportscanalsobegroupedasmajor
ports,intermediateportsandminorports
•Amajorportisabletoattracttradeanditcommandsareallypivotedposition
fortheextensionofcommunications.

23. Requirements of a good port
•Itshouldbecentrallysituatedforthehinterland.Foraport,thehinterlandis
thatpartofthecountryitwhichcanbeservedwitheconomyandefficiencyby
theport
•Itshouldgetgoodtonnagei.e.chargepertonsofcargohandledbyit.
•Itshouldhavegoodcommunicationwiththerestofcountry.
•ItshouldbepopulousItshouldbeadvanceinculture,tradeandindustry.
•Itshouldbeaplaceofdefenseandforresistingthesea-borneinvasionItshould
commandvaluableandextensivetrade.
•Itshouldbecapableofeasy,smoothandeconomicdevelopment.
•Itshouldaffordsheltertoallshipsandatallseasonsoftheyears
•Itshouldprovidethemaximumfacilitiestoallthevisitingshipsincludingthe
servicingofships.

24. MAJOR PORTS IN INDIA
•KANDLAPORT–GUJRAT
•JNPT–NAVIMUMBAI
•MARMAGAO PORT-GOA
•CHENNAIPORT–CHENNAI
•HALDIAPORT–WESTBENGAL
•PORTBLAIR-ANDAMAN

25. DOCKSaretheplaceswhere
shipsaredesignedand
repaired.Itisoftwotypes
1.WetDock:Itisaplace
whereupperhalfofship
whichisabovethewateris
repairandremoulded
2.DryDock:Itmeansno
waterconditions,designing
andenginerepairingof
shipsaredonehere
WETDOCK
DRYDOCK