Document from Muhammad Usman blood...ppt

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1. BLOOD–A Fluid Connective Tissue
Consists of specialized cells derived from the bone marrow suspended
in a liquid called plasma.
In an adult animal, the blood volume is about 8 to 10% of the b.w
or 40ml of blood for each pound of b.w. ; A 1000-lb horse contains 40 L;
A 10-lb dog or cat contains 400ml; Laboratory animals i.e mice may be as
low as 6%of b.w.
Plasma component 55% of the blood volume, formed or cellular
elements making up the remaining 45 percent.
Plasma is colorless to lightly yellow depending on the animal species,
Slightly alkaline fluid consisting of approx. 92% water and 8% solids.

2. Cellular Elements of Blood
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Platelets

3. Functions of Blood
The blood has several important functions:
First the hemoglobin contained within red blood cells carries oxygen to
the tissues and collects carbon dioxide to facilitate its removal,
Blood also conveys nutrients such as amino acids, sugars, and minerals
to the tissues, and it is a conduit for byproducts and toxic substances
that may be removed by the liver and kidney.
Hormones, enzymes, and vitamins make their way to tissue targets by
means of the blood.
As a result of the phagocytic activity of leukocytes, the killing potential of
their granules, and the humoral and cell-mediated immune
responses mounted by lymphocytes,
The blood provides a defense systemfor the animal.
Finally, the platelets are tiny cellular elements that play a major role in
hemostasis, preventing the entire blood volume from being lost
during hemorrhage.

5. Erythrocytes

7. Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells (also called erythrocytes) are shaped like slightly
indented, flattened disks.
RBCs contain the iron-rich protein hemoglobin.
Blood gets its bright red color when hemoglobin picks up oxygen in
the lungs.
As the blood travels through the body, the hemoglobin releases
oxygen to the tissues.
The body contains more RBCs than any other type of cell, and each
has a life span of about 4 months.
Each day, the body produces new RBCs to replace those that die or
are lost from the body.

9. Leukocytes

10. Neutrophils(Heterophils)
Approx. 12 to 15 µm in diameter
Distinguished by a segmented
nucleus, often comprised of three
to four lobes containing clumped
or heterochromatic chromatin
Granules are small and neutral-
staining in most mammalian
neutrophils
In most species, neutrophils are
the most numerous of the
circulating white cells, accounting
for 40 to 80% of the total white cell
numbers
Function as the body’s first line of
defense against microbial
infections

11. Approx. the same size as the neutrophil
Bright reddish granules in their cytoplasm
The granules of the eosinophil have an
affinity for eosin, a red acidophilic dye found
in Wright’s stain
Nucleus has rarely more than two lobes
Golgi complex elaborates many primary
granules (azurophilic granules)
Eosinophils usually account for only 0 to 8%
of the total leukocyte count, giving absolute
numbers of 0 to 500 eosinophils/pl of blood
The intravascular lifespan of the eosinophil
is extremely short, estimated at less than 1
hour in the dog.
The eosinophil plays an important role in
acute inflammatory, allergic, and
anaphylactic reactions, and in controlling
infestations by helminthic parasites.
Eosinophils

12. Basophils
The basophil measures 10 to 15
pm and has a segmented nucleus.
Characteristic deep purple
granules often fill the cytoplasm
and obscure the nucleus
The basophil is the least numerous
granulocyte in the peripheral blood,
rarely accounting for more than 0
to 1.5%of the total leukocyte count
or 0 to 200 basophils/µL
Evidence supports the role of the
basophil in allergic conditions,
including urticaria, allergic rhinitis,
allergic conjunctivitis, asthma,
allergic gastroenteritis, and
anaphylaxis caused by drug
reactions or in sect stings.

13. Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are variable in size.
The smaller cells are 6 to 9 pm in
diameter, which is only slightly
larger than a red blood cell, while
larger lymphocytes measure up to
15 pm in diameter
The number of lymphocytes in the
peripheral circulation varies
among the species. These cells
account for 20 to 40% of the total
leukocyte count in dogs, cats, and
horses, but may be 50 to 60% of
the leukocyte differential in cows,
mice, and pigs.
Lymphocytes are key components
of the adaptive immune response.

14. Monocytes
Monocytes are the largest leukocytes in the
blood
They are 12 to 18 µm in diameter and have
a pleomorphic nucleus, which may appear
elongated, folded, indented, horse shoe-
shaped, and even lobed.
The nuclear chromatin of the monocyte is
lacy or reticular with some areas of
condensation, and nucleoli are
inconspicuous.
The cytoplasm is abundant and grayish blue
in color, often containing a few discrete
vacuoles and/or fine azurophilicgranules
Monocytes account for 3 to 8% of the total
leukocyte count.
Upon leaving the blood, monocytes
differentiate into long-lived macrophages
Circulating monocyresand tissue
macrophages comprise the mononuclear
phagocyte system (MPS). Phagocytosis and
digestion of cellular debris, microorganisms,
and particulate matter are major functions of
the macrophage

15. Platelets
Platelets vary in size from 5 to 7 µm in
length and 1.3 to 4.7 µm in width
among the animal species.
A slight variation in platelet size is
present in most species, but is greatly
accentuated in the cat.
In stained blood smears, platelets are
discoid, oval, or elongated fragments
of cytoplasm that lack a nucleus and
have fine, reddish-purple granules.
The term platelet and thrombocyte are
often used interchangeably; however,
when describing the nucleated platelet
in fish, reptiles, and birds, the term
thrombocyte is preferred
The number of platelets in circulation
ranges from about 200,000 to
400,000/µL of blood.
In general, the lifespan of circulating
platelets in domestic animal species is
about 8 to 1 2 days.
A key role of the platelet is
maintenance of primary (platelet plug
formation) and secondary
(coagulation) hemostasis.