Documents of Diplomatic Negotiations.pptx

Diplomatic negotiations are carried out by people who usually act for International organizations or on behalf their respective countries.

1. IRL 3110A- Simulation Exercise Documents of Diplomatic Negotiation

2. What are Diplomatic Negotiations? Diplomatic Negotiation is a well-known yet vague term. What exactly is meant — negotiation between states, or also within states? Negotiation which is only conducted by diplomats or negotiations which have a certain form? diplomatic negotiation is an indispensable mechanism for states; that the need for interstate negotiations is growing tremendously, while diplomacy does not have the ability to absorb this growth. Because of this, diplomatic negotiation will develop a more specialized and limited function.

3. What are Diplomatic Negotiations ? Cont . Diplomatic negotiations often happen “behind” the table, and negotiators may need to adjust on the fly to reach mutually agreeable deals in international negotiation. The PIN Policy Brief defines diplomatic negotiation as an ' exchange of concessions and compensations in a framework of international order accepted by sovereign entities '. Diplomatic negotiation could be described as the conduct of international relations by sovereign partners to find a joint and mutually acceptable solution to a dispute by peaceful means. It is limited to negotiations between states.

4. Who engages in Diplomatic Negotiations . Diplomatic negotiations are carried out by people who usually act for International organizations or on behalf their respective countries. Diplomats , the official representatives of their countries, bring all of their country’s power and prestige to the negotiating table, putting the negotiations under extra pressure, but also bringing risks with it that must be limited .

5. Why are Diplomatic Negotiations Different from other types ? The difference between the official representative of a state, whether this person is a diplomat or an internationally functioning civil servant, and the negotiator who represents a company or other group, is based on the formal character of the negotiation mandate of the first . The instruction that the diplomat gets as a negotiator carries the status of the state. This almost emotional dimension of the empowered negotiator of a country is often an obstacle in searching for and finding the most rational and effective solution for differences .

6. Why are Diplomatic Negotiations Different from other types? (Cont .) After all, in addition to the ‘honour’ of the country, issues such as public opinion, the political position of ministries and parliament and, sometimes, military leaders play a great role. The political dimension, with its emotional aspects, often leads to negotiation results that, mildly stated, are ‘unbalanced’ and ‘not carefully thought out ’.

7. Types of Diplomatic Negotiation There are two types of diplomatic negotiations: bilateral and Multilateral.

8. Bilateral diplomatic negotiations Bilateral diplomatic negotiations take place between TWO parties i.e. between two subjects of International law. It can take place between two states; between a state an international organization; or between international organizations. They are diplomatic because of the actors participating in them, namely subjects of international law. They are also diplomatic because of their subject matter, which covers a whole range of issues that interest states bilaterally. They are diplomatic because they are conducted on the basis of strict diplomatic procedures and processes

9. Bilateral diplomatic negotiations cont. Further, these negotiations are diplomatic because they are concerned with the broad diplomatic concerns of conflict and cooperation. In bilateral diplomatic negotiations, states negotiate both when they have a conflict or dispute between them, and when they have common bilateral interests that they want to preserve.

10. Multilateral Diplomatic Negotiations Based upon the number of States or issues involved, some authors make a difference between plurilateral and multilateral diplomatic negotiations. the term “multilateral diplomatic negotiation ” simply describe any diplomatic negotiation that is conducted simultaneously by a large number of governmental entities, usually under the auspices of an international organization.

11. Multilateral Diplomatic Negotiations cont. One can differentiate several sub-types of multilateral diplomatic negotiations according to, for instance: the participants (governments versus private entities); the institutional set-up; the outcome (rule making versus redistribution of tangible goods); etc .

12. Multilateral Diplomatic Negotiations cont. The involvement of many more parties means that more interests have to be taken into account. The result of this is to make Multilateral diplomatic negotiations very complex. This complexity is reflected in the diversity of the documents of multilateral diplomatic negotiations. They can either be institutionalized or ad hoc.

13. Negotiation Strategy Strategy is the overall, big picture, plan, which includes goals or desired outcomes. There are three basic negotiation strategies: Competitive bargaining Compromise (cooperative) bargaining Collaborative bargaining

14. Negotiation Tactics Tactics are simply the means by which you carry out your strategy. Tactics include more detailed statements and actions and responses to others' statements and actions. Usually tactics are often chosen at the last possible moment or developed ad~hoc under the fluid pressures of actual bargaining.

15. Tactics cont . The tactical mix will usually vary according to the level of dedication the parties have to issues at hand and may include: threatening break-offs, bluffing, Giving Ultimatums Nibbling Shocked or surprised looks Good cop/Bad cop also called joint questioning or friend and foe Walk away stalling, escalating filibustering

16. Documents Bilateral Diplomatic Negotiations Agreed minutes Negotiating Briefs Confidential Memorandum of Understanding (CMU) Agreements Multilateral Diplomatic Negotiations Letters of Credence/Credentials of delegates Conference Documents Background Papers Summary Records The Report Summit Meetings Press Releases Communiques

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