DOS DONT IN INVESTIGATION OF CONVENTIONAL CRIME CASES.ppt

Criminal Investigation

1. 1
Presentation
on
DO & DON’T IN INVESTIGATION
OF
RAPE, MURDER & BOMB BLAST
CASES

2. 2
PANCHATANTRA OF EVIDENCE
[1984(2) crlj 1738]
•Each link is to be proved
•When forged with other should form a Complete
Chain
•Circumstances forged together must be
compatible with the guilt of the accused
•Circumstances should not be compatible with
the innocence of the accused
•The circumstances from which the conclusion of
the guilt is to be proved is to be fully established

3. 3
1974 crlj 617 sc &
•Circumstances are to be seen in totality not separately or
singularly
1985 scc crlj 415
•Circumstances cannot be rejected one by one to reject
the charge

4. 4
CRIME SCENE SEARCH
•Basic premises & approach
•Secure protect & prepare on arrival
•Preliminary survey
•Evaluation of physical evidence
•Narrative & Sketch map
•Photography
•Crime scene search & physical evidence
•Final survey
•Release

5. 5
COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE
•DNA and Blood
•Body fluids
•Explosive debris
•Hairsand Fibers
•Finger prints
•Impressions
•Tyre Impression
•Tool Marks
•Jewelry

6. 6
CHARGES PROVED IN
PRIYADARSHANI MATTO CASE
•The accused continuously harassed the deceased from
January1994 to 1996, a few days before her murder.
•The accused had given an undertaking that the accused
would not harass the deceased in future while admitting
that the he had been doing so earlier.
•The motive of the accused was to have the deceased or to
break her.

7. 7
CHARGES PROVED IN
PRIYADARSHANI MATTO CASE
•On the day of occurrence, the accused was seen in the premises
of faculty of Law, University of Delhi in the forenoon, where the
deceased had gone to attend LL.B class, when the accused was
no more a student of faculty of Law at that time
•At the crucial time before murder i.e. about 5 p.m. on
23.1.96 the accused was seen outside the door of the flat
of the deceased i.e. B-10/7098 with helmet in his hand
which had a visor
•On the day of occurrence after murder, the accused had
reached late to attend class at India Law Institute,
Bhagwan Dass Road, where the accused was a student too.

8. 8
CHARGES PROVED IN
PRIYADARSHANI MATTO CASE
•Immediately, after the murder, the mother of the deceased had
raised suspicion that the accused had a hand in the murder of her
daughter.
•When the accused joined investigation on the night between
23/24.1.96, the accused had an injury on his right hand. There
was swelling and fracture on 5
th
metacarpal of right hand. That
injury was fresh, having been caused 24 of 28 hours. The blood
pressure of the accused at that time was high which showed
anxiety
•DNA Finger Printing Test conclusively establishes the guilt of
the accused

9. 9
CHARGES PROVED IN
PRIYADARSHANI MATTO CASE
•On 25.1.96 the helmet Ex. P. 3 of the accused which was
taken into possession had broken visor on 23.1.96 before
murder, it was found by PW-2 Shri Kuppuswami, PW
Personal Security Officer Rajinder Singh that the helmet of
the accused had a visor, violence was detected on both
sides of visor. Helmet was besmeared with a spec of blood.
At the spot pieces of visor were found near the body of the
deceased besmeared with her blood.
•The deceased had 19 injuries on her person besides three
broken ribs. These injuries were suggestive of force used
for rape. A tear mark over the area of left breast region on
the T-shirt of the deceased suggested that the force was
used for molestation

10. 10
CHARGES PROVED IN
PRIYADARSHANI MATTO CASE
•The accused took a false defense that fracture on the hand
of the accused was sustained by the accused on 14.1.96
and it was not a fresh injury.. The accused also gave false
replies against proved facts.
•The influence of the father of the accused resulting in
deliberate spoiling of the case

11. 11

12. 12
Hyper Links

13. 13
BASIC PREMISES & APPROACH
•The best search options are the most difficult
and time-consuming
•Physical evidence cannot be over documented
•There is only chance to search the scene
properly
•Conduct a cautious search of visible areas,
avoiding evidence loss or contamination
•After the cautious search, conduct a vigorous
search of concealed areas
•Be alert for evidence
•Take extensive notes
<<back>>

14. 14
SECURE PROTECT & PREPARE
ON ARRIVAL
•Secure and Protect
–Take control of the scene immediately.
–Determine the extent to which the scene has been
protected.
–Obtain information from personnel who have
knowledge of the original condition.
–Designate one person in charge for final decision
making and problem resolution.
–Continue to take extensive notes.
–Keep out unauthorized personal.
–Record who enters and leaves.
…contd.

15. 15
SECURE PROTECT & PREPARE
ON ARRIVAL
•Discuss the search with involved personnel before arrival
at the scene, if possible
•Ensure that personnel are aware of the types of
evidence usually encountered and the proper handling of
the evidence
•Identify and secure the boundaries of the primary crime
scene by roping off
•Identify and protect secondary scenes, (which are all
avenues that could be used to travel to and from the
primary scene)
…contd.

16. 16
SECURE PROTECT & PREPARE
ON ARRIVAL
•Do not allow unauthorized persons to enter the crime
scene area
•Establish only one point of entrance and aggress
•Prevent destruction or contamination of evidence
•Photograph the crime scene to record its appearance
when first responders arrived
•Record the weather and lighting conditions at the crime
scene, and if they change, note the conditions and the
time of change.
…contd.

17. 17
SECURE PROTECT & PREPARE
ON ARRIVAL
•Prohibit any unnecessary activity at the crime scene,
including people walking through, touching surfaces and
moving or removing items
•Detain witnesses until investigators arrive
•Separate the witnesses from each other to prevent their
discussing observations with each other
<<back>>

18. 18
PRELIMINARY SURVEY
•Cautiously walk thorough the scene
•Maintain administrative and emotional control
•Select a narrative technique such as written,
audio, or video
•Take preliminary photographs
•Delineate the extent of the search area. Usually
expand the initial perimeter
…contd.

19. 19
PRELIMINARY SURVEY
•Identify and protect transient physical evidence
•Determine personnel and equipment needs.
Make specific assignments
•Develop a general theory of the crime
•Take extensive notes to document the scene,
physical and environmental conditions, and
personnel movements
<<back>>

20. 20
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
•Ensure that the collection and packaging materials and
equipment are sufficient.
•Focus first on evidence that could be lost. Leave the
least transient evidence last.
•Ensure all personnel consider the variety of possible
evidence, not only evidence within their specialties.
•Search the easily accessible areas and progress to out-
of-view locations. Look for hidden items.
•Evaluate whether evidence appears to have been moved
inadvertently.
•Evaluate whether the scene appears contrived.
<<back>>

21. 21
NARRATIVE & SKETCH MAP
•Use a systematic approach in the narrative.
•Noting is insignificant to record if it catches one’s
attention.
•Use photographs and sketches to supplement,
not substitute for, the narrative.
…contd.

22. 22
NARRATIVE & SKETCH MAP
The sketch should include
•Case number
•Date, time and location
•Weather and lighting conditions; Identify and
assignments of personnel; Dimensions of rooms,
furniture, doors, and windows
•Distances between objects, persons, bodies, entrances
and exits
•Measurements showing the location of evidence. Each
object should be located by two measurements from
nomovable items such as doors or walls
•Key, legend, compass orientation scale, scale disclaimer,
or a combination of these features
<<back>>

23. 23
PHOTOGRAPHY
•Photograph the crime scene as soon as possible.
•Prepare a photographic log that records all photographs
and a description and location of evidence.
•Establish a progression of overall, medium, and close-up
views of the crime scene.
•Photograph from eye level to represent the normal view.
•Photograph the most fragile areas of the crime scene
first.
•Photograph all stages of the crime scene investigation,
including discoveries.
•Photograph the condition of evidence before recovery.
…contd.

24. 24
PHOTOGRAPHY
•Photograph the evidence in detail and include a scale,
the photographer’s initials, and the date.
•When a scale is use, first take a photograph without the
scale.
•Photograph the interior crime scene in an overall and
overlapping series using a wide-angle lens.
•Photograph the exterior crime scene, establishing the
location of the scene by a series of overall photographs
including a landmark.
•Photographs should have 360 degrees of coverage.
•Consider using aerial photography.
…contd.

25. 25
PHOTOGRAPHY
•Photograph important evidence twice.
•A medium-distance photograph that shows the evidence
and its position to other evidence
•A close-up photograph that includes a scale and fills the
frame
•Acquire prior photographs, blueprints, or maps of the
scene
•Sketches supplement photographs
•Sketches are normally not drawn to scale.
•However, the sketch should have measurements and
details for a drawn-to-scale diagram, if necessary
<<back>>

26. 26
CRIME SCENE SEARCH &
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
•Use a search pattern such as a grid, strip or lane, or
spiral.
•Search from the general to the specific for evidence.
•Be alert for all evidence.
•Search entrances and exits.
•Photograph all items before collection and notate the
photographic log.
•Mark evidence locations on the sketch.
•If feasible, have one person serve as evidence custodian.
…contd.

27. 27
CRIME SCENE SEARCH &
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
•Two persons should observe evidence in place, during
recovery, and being marked for identification. If
feasible, mark directly on the evidence.
•Wear gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints.
•Do not excessively handle the evidence after recovery.
•Seal all evidence packages at the crime scene.
•Make a complete evaluation of the crime scene.
•Constantly check paperwork, packaging and other
information for errors.
<<back>>

28. 28
FINAL SURVEY
•Discuss the search with all personnel
•Ensure all documentation is correct and
complete
•Photograph the scene showing the final
condition
•Ensure all evidence is secured
•Ensure all equipment is retrieved
•Ensure hiding places or difficult access
areas have not been overlooked
<<back>>

29. 29
RELEASE
•Release the crime scene after the final survey
•Ensure that the evidence is collected according to legal
requirements, documented and marked for identification
•Consider the need for specialists such as a blood-pattern
analyst or a medical examiner to observe the scene
before it is released
•The scene should be released only when all personnel
are satisfied that the scene was searched correctly and
completely
•Only the person in charge should release the scene.
<<back>>

30. 30
COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE

31. 31
DNA & BLOOD
•DNA evidence not properly documented, collected,
packaged, and preserved, will not meet the legal and
scientific requirements for admissibility in a court of law
•DNA evidence not properly documented, origin can be
questioned
•DNA not properly collected can loose biological activity
•DNA not properly packaged, contamination can occur
•DNA not properly preserved, decomposition and
deterioration can occur
…contd.

32. 32
DNA & BLOOD
•Only qualified medical personnel should collect blood
samples from a person
•Collect at least two 5ml tubes of blood
•Identify each tube with the date, time, subject's name,
location, collector’s name, case number and evidence
number
•Refrigerate, do not freeze blood samples
•Pack liquid blood tubes individually with absorbent
material surrounding the tube
•Label the outer container ‘Keep in a cool dry place,
Refrigerate upon arrival”
•Submit to the laboratory as soon as possible
•Don’t contaminate the sample by coughing, sneezing or
even taking while collecting the sample
<<back>>

33. 33
BODY FLUIDS
SEMEN
•Absorb suspected liquid semen onto a clean cotton cloth
or swab
•Submit small suspected dry semen-stained objects to the
Laboratory
•When possible, cut a large sample of suspected semen
stains from immovable objects with a clean sharp
instrument
SALIVA/URINE
•Absorb suspected liquid saliva or urine onto a clean
cotton cloth or swab
…contd.

34. 34
BODY FLUIDS
•Submit suspected small, dry saliva or urine-stained
objects to the laboratory
•When possible, cut a large sample of suspected saliva or
urine stains from immovable objects with a clean sharp
instrument
•Pick up cigarette butts with gloved hands or clean
forceps
•Pick up chewing gum with gloved hands or clean forceps
•Pick up envelopes and stamps with gloved hands or
clean forceps and pace in a clean envelope
…contd.

35. 35
BODY FLUIDS
•Identify each samples with the date, time,
subject’s name, location, collector’s name,
case number and evidence number
•Submit to the laboratory as soon as
possible
…contd.
<<back>>

36. 36
EXPLOSIVE DEBRIS
•First locate the seat of the blast
•Remove the first half-inch of solid or debris from
the crater and place the sample in a sealed glass
jar or metal can
•Place objects which are in close proximity to the
blast in a sealed glass jar or metal can with label
•Place metal fragments from the explosive device
in a sealed glass jar or metal
•Some explosives residue is water soluble and
must be protected from moisture
…contd.

37. 37
EXPLOSIVE DEBRIS
•Other residue evaporates quickly and must be
collected as soon as possible in airtight
containers such as metal cans, glass jars, or
heat-sealed or resealable plastic bags
•Do not fill the containers to the top. Pack to
prevent breakage.
•Collect and preserve control samples from the
blast site
•Extreme care should taken to avoid
contamination of explosives residue evidence
<<back>>

38. 38
FINGER PRINT
•Finger print on absorbent materials
•Finger print on Hard Surfaces
•Fingerprints on Soft Surfaces
<<back>>

39. 39
HAIR
•Pick up hair carefully with clean forceps to
prevent damaging the root tissue
•Air dry hair mixed with suspected body
fluids
•Package each group of hair separately in
clean paper or and envelope with sealed
corners, don’t use plastic containers
•Refrigerate and submit as soon as possible
to the Laboratory
<<back>>

40. 40
FIBRE
•Use an adhesive tape to lift recent debris that
has been dropped onto the fabric
•If you use an evidence sweeper (Vacuum),
remove the material that accumulates in the
filter and the filter paper and place it in an
evidence bag
•Do not use envelopes for packing filter
sweepings or for other very small materials and
do not crush hairs with tweezers
•Collect a comparison standard
<<back>>

41. 41
FOOTWEAR IMPRESSION
•Photograph each print that you have located
•Place a ruler or other means of scalar identification next
to the print
•Take the photograph by holding the camera directly over
the impression
•Prepare a dental stone cast of the impression of each
footprint
•When the case is dry, scratch the date, initials case
number, exhibit number and description in the case
…contd.

42. 42
FOOTWEAR IMPRESSION
•Also scratch or mark a directional arrow pointing north
on the back of the cast
•Wrap each cast separately using corrugated paper and
place in a well-padded box or container
•Seal and identify the contents of the box with a label
•Collect a comparison standard
<<back>>

43. 43
TYRE IMPRESSION
•Follow the same procedures as described
in the “Footwear Impressions” section to
collect a tire impression
•Collect a comparison standard
<<back>>

44. 44
TOOL MARKS
•Preserve tool marks as you find them and submit the
intact object bearing the tool marks to the laboratory
•If the above is not possible, remove that portion or
section of the object bearing the tool mark and submit it
to the laboratory.
•Affix an evidence tag labeled with the date, initials, case
number, exhibit number and description
•Before a portion or selection is removed from a large
item, photograph the entire item.
•Submit this photograph with the intact object being
forwarded to the laboratory for examination.
•Collect a comparison standard
<<back>>

45. 45
JEWELRY
•Handle jewelry with tweezers or cloth gloves
•Dust for fingerprints and place the item in a suitable
crushproof container
•To prove the composition of precious metals, such as
gold, silver or platinum send appropriate metal samples
for comparison purposes
•Label each sample container by writing on it in ink the
date, initials, case number, exhibit number and
description
•Collect a comparison standard
<<back>>