Dosage form for Personalized medicine

personalized medicines

1. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE Presented by- ROHIT R.K.S.D.College of Pharmacy, Kaithal (Hry) M.Pharma(Pharmaceutics)

2. CONTENTS Introduction Definition Pharmacogenetics

3. INTRODUCTION The concept of personalized medicine dates back many hundreds of years. Developments in chemistry, histochemistry and microscopy allowed scientists to begin to understand the underlying causes of disease. Sequencing of the human genome at the turn of the 21st century set in motion the transformation of personalized medicine from an idea to practice.

4. DEFINITION The ability to offer :- The Right Drug To The Right Patient For The Right Disease At The Right Time With The Right Dosage

5. Understanding of human genome Simpler method to identify genetic information Genetic information specific to individual Preselect effective drug

6. NEED FOR PERSONALIZED MEDICINE • Similar symptoms but different illness • Medical interventions may work in some people but not in others • 40 % of drugs that are taken are not effective • Advances in genomics helps to treat a patient precisely and effectively • To avoid any allergic and adverse effects

7. PHARMACOGENETICS PHARMACOGENETICS = Pharma and genetics • Pharma the Greek word i.e. PHARMACON, related toDrugs . • Genetics related to genes / genome • The study of the genetic basis for variation in drug response .

8. PHARMACOGENETICS VARIATIONS May be due to : Single mutant gene -Genetic Polymorphism Polygenic influences

9. GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS When a nucleotide change is very rare, and not present in many individuals, it is often called a mutation. In contrast to mutation, genetic polymorphism are usually consider normal variants in population. When a specific allele occur in at least 1% of the population, it is said to be genetic polymorphism. Allele -Each of two or more alternative form of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on chromosome.

10. GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS Types of Polymorphisms Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) - single base change in DNA AAGC C TA AAGC T TA - SNPs arise as a consequence of mistake during normal DNA replication

11. Insertion/Deletion : AAGCCTTAAG AAGCC( )AAG POLYGENIC INFLUENCES Polygenic influences and environmental factor are responsible for normal biological variations.

12. EXAMPLE OF VARIATIONS VARIATIONS - Acetylation, fast EFFECTS - Needs for higher or more frequent doses of drugs that are more aceylated (e.g, isoniazid) to produce the desired therapeutic response.

13. VARIATIONS - Acetylation, Slow(drug inactivation by hepatic N- acetyltransferase) EFFECT - Increased susceptibility to adverse effect of drug that are aceylated (e.g. with isoniazid, peripheral neuropathy)

14. VARIATIONS- Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 deficiency EFFECT - With alcohol ingestion, marked elevations of blood acetylated, causing facial flushing, Increased heart rate, diaphoresis, muscle weakness, and sometimes catecholamines mediated vasodilation with euphoria.

15. VARIATIONS - CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms EFFECTS - Reduced enzymatic activation of clopidogeral, resulting in reduced antiplatelet effect and increased risk of thrombosis in high risk patient.

16. VARIATIONS - G6PD deficiency EFFECT -With use of oxidant drugs, such as certain antimalarials ( e.g. chloroquine, primaquine ) increased risk of haemolytic anemia. VARIATIONS - Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and vitamin k epoxide reductase EFFECT - Increased action of warfarin, increased risk of bleeding.

17. LIMITATIONS OF PHARMACOGENETICS Complex targeting due to multiple gene involvement Difficult and time consuming to identify small variations in gene Interaction with other drug and environment to be determined

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