Draught natural disaster

1. DROUGHT 1 Drought

2. Outline of Presentation Introduction Definition Causes Summary of common causes of draught in India Drought classification Effects of draught Case Study Government policies to combat droughts Drought 2 Drought

3. Drought 3 We can feel the dryness in your throat. The land is barren and covered in thin dust. cracks appear in the earth. This is drought, when water is so scarce that the existence of life becomes threatened. How do humans effects from drought?   W h a t’ s a d r o u g h t ? A drought occurs when there is not enough rain to support people or crops. In temperate regions, a drought is classified as 15 consecutive days with less than 0.01 inches (0.25 millimeters) of rain. A  drought  (or  drouth  [archaic]) is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation. It can have a substantial impact on the  ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region. Although droughts can persist for several years, even a short, intense drought can cause significant damage and harm the local economy. I n t r o d u c t i o n Drought

4. Drought 4 C a u s e s   o f   d r o u g h t s Drought 1. Less rainfall: We already know that a drought occurs when not enough rain falls to the ground. However, water vapor condenses only if air rises into the colder regions of the atmosphere. If the air doesn’t rise, then no rain will form. 2. High Air pressure: When there is high air pressure, air falls instead of rising. With the air pressing down in a high pressure zone, no currents of water vapor are carried upward. As a result, no condensation occurs, and little rain falls to earth. In addition, high-pressure areas push clouds and air currents downward and away, resulting in sunny, cloudless weather. 3. Low air pressure: Low-pressure systems see more cloudy, stormy weather. Usually, however, we experience both high- and low-pressure systems. 4. It is normal for a high-pressure system to pass over an area and move on, being replaced by a low-pressure system. However, when a high-pressure system is stalled, the sunny weather can drag on for days. If it keeps on going, the result is a drought.

5. Drought 5 Drought move from place to place can be locked in one area by jet streams. 6. Monsoon role: Usually, summer winds known as monsoons carry water vapor north from the Indian Ocean inland, providing desperately needed rain. Sometimes, however, instead of blowing from north to south, they blow east to west. When that happens, the vapor doesn’t leave the Indian Ocean and many people suffer from the resulting droughts. 7. Water Vapor role: Droughts occur because water vapor is not brought by air currents to the right areas at the right times. Water that evaporates from the oceans is brought inland by wind to regions where it is needed. However, sometimes those winds are not strong enough. 8. Moisture: In some states, moisture is carried up from the ocean by blowing winds. This moisture is then pushed by other winds until it reaches the location. However, if the winds don’t blow at the right time, in the right direction, or with enough force, the moisture falls in other areas and suffers from drought. 9. Mountains region wind: Mountains can prevent wind from blowing moisture to needed regions. As air is moving past a mountain range, it is forced to rise in order to pass over the peaks. However, as the air rises, it becomes colder and the vapor condenses into rain or snow. The rain then falls on that side of the mountain, known as the windward side (the side that is

6. Drought 6 turned toward the wind). When the air mass finally makes it over the mountain, it has lost much of its vapor. This is another reason why many deserts are found on the side of a mountain facing away from the ocean. This phenomenon is known as the rain shadow effect. 10. Rainfall pressure: Generally, rainfall is related to the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, combined with the upward forcing of the air mass containing that water vapor. If either of these are reduced, the result is a drought. This can be triggered by an above average prevalence of high pressure systems, winds carrying continental, rather than oceanic air masses (i.e. reduced water content), and ridges of  high pressure areas form with behaviors which prevent or restrict the developing of thunderstorm activity or rainfall over one certain region. 11. Global warming: Human activity can directly trigger exacerbating factors such as over farming, excessive irrigation, deforestation, and erosion adversely impact the ability of the land to capture and hold water. While these tend to be relatively isolated in their scope, activities resulting in global climate change are expected to trigger droughts with a substantial impact on agriculture throughout the world, and especially in developing nations. Overall, global warming will result in increased world rainfall. Along with drought in some areas, flooding and erosion will increase in others.

7. Drought 7 Paradoxically, some proposed solutions to global warming that focus on more active techniques, solar radiation management through the use of a  space sunshade for one, may also carry with them increased chances of drought. 12. Decline in groundwater : India has seen a sharp decline in groundwater levels, leading to a fall in supply, saline water encroachment and the drying of springs and shallow aquifers. Around 50% of the total irrigated area in the country is now dependent on groundwater, and 60% of irrigated food production depends on irrigation from groundwater wells. 13. Depletion of forest : The rapid depletion of forest cover is also seen as one of the reasons for water stress and drought. India has a forest cover of 76 million hectares, or 23% of its total geographical area – much lower than the prescribed global norm of 33%. Although the scientific evidence is inadequate, forest-water linkages are widely acknowledged, especially the watershed functions of forests, greater availability of water, less soil erosion, more rainfall, flood and landslide control, etc. 14. Rainwater harvesting : Combined with these and a host of other factors – poor irrigation systems, pressure from the increasing industrial use of water is the appalling indifference displayed towards rainwater harvesting. Little has been done over the years to drought-proof the country, when community based rainwater harvesting measures could easily accomplish this feat.

8. Drought 8 Co m m o n c a u s e s f o r i n I n d i a Meteorology · Inadequate monsoon rainfall. · High temperature & evaporation, wind speed. · Unseasoned rains & fog / snowfall. Water Resources · Inadequate water availability, high water loss in storage & distribution, utilities. · Over exploitation of surface & ground water. Agriculture- Crop Yield · Shift in agricultural practices(low to moderate water demand crops to high crops). · Crop damage due to rain & snow / pest. Population · High greater rate of human & animals. · Location of high water consuming milestones at semi arid / arid regions. Drought

9. Drought 9

10. Drought 10 C l a s s i f i c a t i on Physical aspects also used to classify drought. They clubbed into three major groups: Metrological Agriculture Hydrological Drought

11. Meteorological Meteorological - usually an expression of precipitation’s departure from normal over time . Agricultural Agricultural - Links various characteristics of meteorological or hydrological drought to agricultural impacts. precipitation shortages differences between actual and potential evapotranspiration soil water deficits, reduced ground water or reservoir levels. Drought 11 Drought

12. Hydrological Hydrological drought refers to deficiencies in surface and subsurface water supplies. It is measured as streamflow and as lake, reservoir, and groundwater levels. There is a time lag between lack of rain and less water in streams, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, so hydrological measurements are not the earliest indicators of drought. Although climate is a primary contributor to hydrological drought, other factors such as changes in land use (deforestation), land degradation, and dam construction also contribute. Drought 12

13. Drought 13 E f f e c t s E c o n o m i c : Loss of national economic growth slowing down of economic development. - Damage to crop quality, less food production. - Increase in food prices.

14. Drought 14 - Insect infestation. - Plant disease. - Loss from dairy and livestock production. Unavailability of water and feed for livestock which leads to high livestock mortality rates. - Disruption of reproduction cycles (breeding delays or unfilled pregnancies). - Increased predation. - Range fires and Wild land fires. Drought

15. Drought 15 - Damage to fish habitat, loss from fishery production. - Income loss for farmers and others affected. - Unemployment from production declines. - Loss to recreational and tourism industry . - Loss of hydroelectric power. - Loss of navigability of rivers and canals. Drought

16. Drought 16 S O C I A L: - Food shortages Loss of human life from food shortages, heat, suicides, violence . - Mental and physical stress . Water user conflicts. - Political conflicts. - Social unrest.

17. Drought 17 - Public dissatisfaction with government regarding drought response. - Inequity in the distribution of drought relief . - Loss of cultural sites. - Reduced quality of life which leads to changes in lifestyle. Increased poverty. - Population migrations Drought

18. Drought 18 ENVIRONMENTEL

19. Drought 19 - Increased desertification - Damage to animal species. - Reduction and degradation of fish and wildlife habitat . - Lack of feed and drinking water . - Disease . - Increased predation. Drought

20. Drought 20 Case Study: Draught in Rajasthan 2002 In the history of Rajasthan, the drought of 2002 was among the worst droughts, caused by the failure of the southwest monsoon in all the 32 districts. All districts received scantyldeficientrainfall . Overall monsoon rainfall deficiency in Rajasthan in 2002 was (-) 65 percent, i.e. 65 percent below normal, which was the lowest in the last 100 years. In western parts of Rajasthan,the situation was worse with monsoon rain deficiency being 71 percent below normal. Relief Measures Drinking Water As all major sources of drinking water had dried up, a contingency plan of Rs. 5 18 crore wasprepared and implemented to ensure supply of drinking water.

21. Drought 21 Wealth and Nutrition As against the normal seem of 1 00 beneficiaries per ' Aanganbari ' ,100 percent coverage of the age group of 0-6 years and expectant women was made in severely affected blocks Employment Generation The major thrust area in providing relief to about 38 million vulnerable people was the employment generation specially for people below poverty line, small &d midium farmers and landless agriculture labourers etc. Gratuitous Relief In the unprecedented situation, some vulnerable unemployed families i.e. about 5 lakh people were provided foodgrains at the rate of 10 kg per person. Essential Commodities Cattle conservation

22. Drought 22 Government policies to combat droughts   Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI ) Rural Works Programme Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) - labor intensive schemes such as medium and minor irrigation, road construction, soil conservation and afforest action Dissemination of  technologies relating to soil management, water harvesting, improved agronomic practices and drought-resistant crops – CRIDA Desert Development Programme (DDP ) Integrated Watershed Management Programme – rejuvenate depleted natural resources on watershed basis National Watershed Program for Rainfed Areas (NWSDPRA )

23. Drought 23 Thank you for Your Attention