DRILLING PRESENTATION and their major types

DRILLING PRESENTATION

1. DRILLING

2. TYPES OF DRILLING

3. CABLE TOOL DRILLING One of the earliest methods of drilling is cable tool drilling but now it is obsolete. In this method, drilling is accomplished by the up and down motion of steel bit which is alternately raised by a steel cable and allowed to fall, delivering sharp, successive blows to the bottom of hole.

4. CABLE TOOL DRILLING

5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CABLE TOOL DRILLING ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Less operating cost. Drill faster in hard formations. Soft formation cannot drill. Drilling has to be stopped to remove cuttings .

6. ROTARY DRILLING The first rotary drilling rig was developed in France in 1860 s The rotary drilling works on the principle of rotating a bit and at the same time cuttings are removed with the help of drilling mud.

7. ROTARY DRILLING SYSTEMS HOISTING SYSTEM ROTATING SYSTEM CIRCULATING SYSTEM POWER SYSTEM

8. HOISTING SYSTEM Hoist means “to lift up” and the two main purposes of hoisting systems are; to hoist the drill pipes in and out of the hole. to pull up on the drill pipe while drilling in order to keep it in tension.

9. HOISTING SYSTEM Heavy pipes called “drill collars” attached to the bottom of the string apply weight and the “drill pipes”, which has relatively thin walls, would buckle. To avoid buckling, upward pull is necessary to keep it in tension. Drill pipe Upward force (pull) Downward force (weight) bit Drill collar

10. HOISTING EQUIPMENTS Derrick / Mast Blocks Drilling line Drawworks

11. DERRICK / MAST Derrick or mast is a steel tower, having a height of 120 ft ( 36 m). The purpose of derrick or mast is to support the traveling and crown blocks to hold the enormous weight of drill stem.

12. DERRICK / MAST

13. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DERRICK AND MAST DERRICK MAST Derrick is used in off-shore drilling. Derrick can not move. Mast is used in on-shore drilling. Mast is portable i.e. it can move.

14. BLOCKS Blocks are the set of pulleys and the space between the pulleys is known as sheaves .

15. TYPES OF BLOCKS CROWN BLOCK TRAVELLING BLOCK

16. CROWN BLOCK Crown block is present at the top of derrick or mast and never moves.

17. TRAVELING BLOCK Traveling block travels up and down in the centre of derrick or mast.

18. DRILLING LINE

19. TYPES OF DRILLING LINE DEADLINE Drilling line from supply reel to crown block is called deadline, this line cannot move due to deadline anchor. FASTLINE Drilling line from drawworks to crown block is called fastline and it can move. Drum brake is used to stop fastline.

20. DEADLINE ANCHOR Dead line can’t move due to deadline anchor.

21. DRILLING LINE Drilling line runs from supply reel to the crown block and passes through one sheave then it goes down to the traveling block and wraps around it through one of its sheaves and returns back to crown block. To multiply the strength of hoisting system, drilling line back and forth several times between two blocks. Finally, drilling line coming from traveling block goes to drawworks drum. The drum spools the drilling in or out, thus raising or lowering the traveling block.

22. DRAWWORKS Drawworks houses a large drum around which drilling line is wrapped. As the drum rotates one way or other, it raises or lowers the traveling block.

23. ROTATING SYSTEM Rotating system includes all the equipments that makes the bit turn. Swivel Kelly Kelly bushing Master bushing Rotary table Top drive Drill pipe Drill collar Drill bit

24. SWIVEL Swivel hangs from the drilling hook on the bottom of the traveling block. Swivel does not rotate itself but allows everything below it to rotate.

25. KELLY Kelly is attached to a threaded connection on the bottom of the swivel. Kelly is a special section of pipe that is usually 40ft ( 12m ) long. Kelly is square or hexagonal in shape.

26. KELLY BUSHING The four or six sided kelly fits inside a corresponding square or hexagonal opening in a device called kelly bushing.

27. MASTER BUSHING Kelly bushing in turns fits into a part of rotary table called master bushing.

28. TRANSFER OF ROTATION Powered gears in the rotary table rotate the master bushing. As the master bushing rotates, kelly bushing also rotates. The square or hexagonal opening in the kelly bushing fits against the square or hexagonal kelly and causes the kelly to turn. The turning kelly rotates the drill pipe.

29. ROTARY TABLE The rotary table supplies necessary torque to turn the drill stem. Driller can lock the rotary table to keep it from turning when necessary such as when installing a new bit.

30. SLIPS When the crew removes the kelly, the hole left in the master bushing accommodates a special set of gripping devices called slips. Slips have teeth like gripping elements called dies that fit around the drill pipe to keep it from falling into hole when kelly is disconnected.

31. TOP DRIVE Top drive hangs from the traveling block and has its own heavy-duty motor. Motor turns a threaded drive shaft that connects directly to the top of drill stem to turn it. Rigs with top drive do not need kelly, kelly bushing and master bushing. They do retain the rotary table, but only as a place for the crew to hold the drill stem in place with the slips. The main advantage of top drive is that pipe can be added three joints at a time. Adding three joint stands of pipe saves time in making connections.

32. TOP DRIVE

33. DRILL PIPES The heavy seamless tubing used to rotate the bit and circulate the drilling fluid. LENGTH – 30 ft ( 9 m) DIAMETERS – 4 , 4 1/2, 5 inches WEIGHT – 30 ft pipe weighs 498 lb( 226 kg)

34. DRILL COLLARS A heavy, thick-walled tube, usually steel, used between the drill pipe and the bit in the drill stem. It is used to put weight on the bit so that the bit can drill. LENGTH – 30 ft ( 9 m) DIAMETERS – 7 inches WEIGHT – 30 ft drill collar weighs 11 tons.

35. TOOL JOINTS Tool joints are steel rings that are welded to each end of a joint of drill pipe. One tool joint is a pin (male) connection and other is a box (female) connection. The pin of one joint fits into the box of another joint.

36. DRILL BIT At the bottom of drill stem is the bit, which drills the formation rocks and dislodges it so that drilling fluid can circulate the fragmented material up to the surface. The driller chooses the bit according to the hardness of formation to be drilled.

37. TYPES OF DRILL BIT ROLLER CONE BIT Roller cone bits usually have three cone-shaped steel devices that are free to turn as the bit rotates. Roller cone bits have either milled teeth or tungsten carbide inserts. Roller cone bits work by gouging or crushing.

38. TYPES OF DRILL BIT FIXED HEAD BIT It has fixed head which rotates with drill string. Diamond bits work by shearing or slicing. Diamonds in the diamond bit may be either natural or manmade (synthesis diamond). Disadvantage of diamond bit is that it is not efficient at high temperature.

39. CIRCULATING SYSTEM Mud pumps are the heart of circulating system. Mud pumps pick the mud from mud tanks in which mud is stored and sends it through stand pipe and rotary hose. Stand pipe is a rigid pipe that conducts mud from the pump and send to flexible rotary hose. The flexible rotary hose is connected to the swivel or top drive. The rotary hose is made flexible so it can move upward and downward with swivel or top drive.

40. CIRCULATING SYSTEM

41. CIRCULATING SYSTEM From swivel, mud goes into kelly and enters the drill pipe and then goes down drill string and shoots out of bit nozzles. When the mud shoots out of the rotating bit, it lifts the cutting off the bottom and returns through annulus. Mud with cuttings leave the well through a pipe called mud return line. Cuttings fall on the screen of shale shaker and mud flows through the screen into mud pit.

42. CIRCULATING SYSTEM

43. CIRCULATING SYSTEM Cuttings from shale shaker fall into reserve pit. Mud is recycled and returned to mud tank. Shale shaker removes coarse (large) cuttings. For fine (small) cuttings mud passes through desander and desilter. If the mud contains gas, degasser removes it.

44. CIRCULATING SYSTEM

45. POWER SYSTEM A drilling rig needs power to run the circulating, rotating and hoisting systems. This power comes from engines (mostly diesel engines). The rig also needs some methods of transferring the power from engines to a particular component, such as mud pumps, drawworks or rotary table.

46. METHODS OF TRANSFERRING POWER ELECTRIC DRIVE As the engine runs, generator generates electric power. Cable transmits the power to electric motors and motors drive the equipment. MECHANICAL DRIVE In mechanical drive rig, a huge collection of pulleys, belts and chains (collection called compound) connect diesel or gas engines to equipments.

47. Crown Block Catline Boom and Hoist Line Drilling Line Monkey board Traveling Block Top Drive Mast Drill Pipe Doghouse Blowout Preventer Water Tank RIG COMPONENTS

48. Electric Cable Tray Engine Generator Sets Fuel Tanks Electric Control House Mud Pump Mud Components Storage Mud Pits Reserve Pits Mud Gas Separator Shale Shaker Choke Manifold Pipe Ramp Pipe Racks Accumulator 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 RIG COMPONENTS

49. CATLINE BOOM AND HOIST LINE A structural framework erected near the top of the derrick for lifting material. MONKEY BOARD Monkey board is derrickman’s working platform. DOGHOUSE A small enclosure on the rig floor used as an office for the driller or as a storehouse for small objects. BLOWOUT PREVENTER Kick can be controlled by shutting it. WATER TANK Is used to store water that is used for mud mixing, cementing, and rig cleaning.

50. ELECTRIC CABLE TRAY Supports the heavy electrical cables that feed the power from the control panel to the rig motors.

51. ENGINE GENERATOR SETS A diesel, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), natural gas, or gasoline engine, along with a mechanical transmission and generator for producing power for the drilling rig. Newer rigs use electric generators to power electric motors on the other parts of the rig.

52. FUEL TANKS Fuel storage tanks for the power generating system.

53. ELECTRIC CONTROL HOUSE On diesel electric rigs, powerful diesel engines drive large electric generators. The generators produce electricity that flows through cables to electric switches and control equipment enclosed in a control cabinet or panel. Electricity is fed to electric motors via the panel.

54. MUD PUMP A large reciprocating pump used to circulate the mud (drilling fluid) on a drilling rig.

55. MUD COMPONENTS STORAGE Hopper type tanks for storage of drilling fluid components.

56. MUD PITS A series of open tanks, usually made of steel plates, through which the drilling mud is cycled to allow sand and sediments to settle out. Additives are mixed with the mud in the pit, and the fluid is temporarily stored there before being pumped back into the well.

57. RESERVE PITS Cuttings which are separated from mud are placed there. These cuttings are helpful in analyzing the formation. In the end, cuttings are proper disposed off.

58. MUD GAS SEPARATOR A device that removes gas from the mud coming out of a well when a kick is being circulated out.

59. SHALE SHAKER A series of trays with sieves or screens that vibrate to remove cuttings from circulating fluid in rotary drilling operations. Cuttings fall on the screen of shale shaker and mud flows through the screen into mud pit.

60. CHOKE MANIFOLD The arrangement of piping and special valves, called chokes, through which drilling mud is circulated when the blowout preventers are closed to control the pressures encountered during a kick.

61. PIPE RAMP An angled ramp for dragging drill pipe up to the drilling platform or bringing pipe down off the drill platform.

62. PIPE RACKS A horizontal support for pipes.

63. ACCUMULATOR It is used in operating the blowout preventers.