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1. Irrigation Managements 2+1=3 Dr Asmatullah Durani Email: [email protected] WhatsApp ; 0787888434 Phone No. 0730564575 Drip or trickle Irrigation

2. Drip or trickle Irrigation Drip irrigation is a micro irrigation method in which the rate of water application is very low and without any pressure. i.e., drop by drop Drip irrigation is based on the basic concept of irrigation only the roots zone of crop , rather than the entire land surface on which the crop is grow.

3. Drip or trickle Irrigation…

4. History of drip irrigation system دا د اوبخور سيستم په کال ( 1940 ) د يو اسرائيلي انجنيرسيمچابلاس( Symcha blass ) پنوم د يو پايپ ليک شو ي دساحي ته په کتلو سره معلوم او بيا يي په کال ( 1964 ) دا ډول داوبخور لمړني سيستم رامنځته کړو. چي د شلمي پيړۍ تر پايي پوري يي انتشار تر استراليا او د امريکه متحده ايالاتو ته وشوو.چي تر کال ( 1988 ) پوري په نوموړي سيستم باندي داوبخور ساحي مقدار( 1055000 ) هکتار ته ورسيدو. چي نن ورځ پدي ډول اوبخور لرونکي ساحي په اساس امريکه لمړي مقام لري. چي دا ډول سيستم په دوه ډوله دي يو هغه چي د ځمکي په سطحه پائپونه نقشه کوي د ( surface drip irrigation system ) پنوم او هغه چي پائپونه يي د ځمکي د سطحي څخه د لاندي جوړيږي د ( sub-surface drip irrigation system ) پنوم ياديږي.

5. Others types of drip irrigation system Surface drip irrigation system Low head bubbler drip irrigation system Micro spray drip irrigation system Mechanical move drip irrigation system

6. W hen to Use Drip Irrigation Suitable crops Suitable slops Suitable Soil Suitable irrigation water Suitable Crops for drip irrigation Drip irrigation is most suitable for row crops (vegetables, soft fruit), tree and vine crops where one or more emitters can be provided for each plant. Generally only high value crops are considered because of the high capital costs of installing a drip system.

7. Suitable crops Fruit crops : Banana, Grapes, Citrus, Pomegranate, Papaya, Pineapple, Watermelon, Mango. Vegetable crops : Cabbage, Cauliflower, Okra, Tomato, Potato, Onion, Chillis, Radish, Brinjal, Bottle grown, French been, Capsicum, Beans, Baby corn, Carrots, Cucumber, Bitter gourd, Bottle gourd, Ash gourd. Commercial crops : Sugarcane, Cotton, Ground nut, Chickpea.

8. Suitable slopes Drip irrigation is adaptable to any farmable slope. Normally the crop would be planted along contour lines and the water supply pipes (laterals) would be laid along the contour also.

9. Suitable soils Drip irrigation is suitable for most soils. On clay soils water must be applied slowly to avoid surface water ponding and runoff. On sandy soils higher emitter discharge rates will be needed to ensure adequate lateral wetting of the soil.

10. Suitable irrigation water One of the main problems with drip irrigation is blockage of the emitters. All emitters have very small waterways ranging from 0.2-2.0 mm in diameter and these can become blocked if the water is not clean. Thus it is essential for irrigation water to be free of sediments. If this is not so then filtration of the irrigation water will be needed. Blockage may also occur if the water contains algae, fertilizer deposits and dissolved chemicals which precipitate such as calcium and iron. Drip irrigation is particularly suitable for water of poor quality (saline water).

11. Advantages of Drip Irrigation Less requirement of irrigation water High irrigation efficiency (80- 90%). Water supply at optimum level. Water logging is avoided High yield Over irrigation is avoid Variation in application rate Reducing labor cost Weed controlling

12. Increase in net irrigable area Highly uniform distribution of water i.e., Controlled by output of each nozzle no soil erosion. Suitable for any topography. Avoiding of plant disease and pest . Advantages of Drip Irrigation---

13. Disadvantages of drip irrigation High cost : drip irrigation systems are expensive because of there requirements of large quantity of piping & filtration equipment to clean the water. Expense: Initial cost can be more than overhead systems. Waste: The sun can affect the tubes used for drip irrigation, shortening their usable life. Longevity is variable. Clogging: If the water is not properly filtered and the equipment not properly maintained, it can result in clogging. Maintenance: Drip tape causes extra cleanup costs after harvest. You'll need to plan for drip tape winding, disposal, recycling or reuse. Not usable for all crops: This method is not suitable for closely planted crops such as wheat

14. COMPARISON Comparison Drip method Flood method Water saving High, between 40 and 100 % Less. High rates of evaporation, surface run off and percolation Irrigation efficiency 80 – 90 % 30 - 50 % Weed problem Almost nil High Suitable water Even saline water can be used Only normal water can be used

15. Comparison Drip method Flood method Water logging Nil High Water control Can be regulated easily Not much control Diseases and pests Relatively less High Efficiency of fertilizer use Very high since supply is regulated Heavy losses due to leaching Yield increase 20 - % higher than flood method Less compared to drip COMPARISON

16. COMPARISON

17. Components of Drip Irrigation system Pumping set Source of irrigation water Chamigation and fertigation units(I.U) Values Filters Mainlines Sub-main/Laterals Drippers/emitters

18. Pumping set: To create a pressure about 2.5 Kg/sq cm to regulate the amount of water to be supplied. Filter : To filter the water in Order to remove the suspended impurities from water.

19. Main lines: It is a Distribution system in drip irrigation. Rigid PVC and high density polyethylene pipes are used as main pipes to minimized corrosion and clogging . Pipes of 65 mm diameter and with pressure rating of 4 to 10 kg/sq . cm Sub Main: It is usually connected to the main lines through a control valve assembly. The function of its to distributes water uniformly to a number laterals .

20. Drippers/emitters: It is fitted to a drip irrigation lateral and intended to emit water in the form of drops or continuous flow at emitter rates not exceeding 15 liters/hr .

21. b. Subsurface drip Water applied through small emitter openings below the soil surface Basically a surface system that's been buried (few inches to a couple feet) Permanent installation

22. In subsurface irrigation water is applied to a series of field ditches deep into soil surface. b. Subsurface drip Irrigation…

23. Advantages High degree of control over water application with the potential for high uniformity of application Evaporation is reduced The amount of water can be fine-tuned. This avoids water loss caused by run off or evaporation Frequent irrigation allows for optimum soil moisture content in the root zone Great performance in windy and arid locations If pre-treated wastewater is used for irrigation, the risk of direct contact with crops and labourers is reduced Disadvantages Risk of clogging When saline water is used, salts accumulate at the wetting front Emitter can be damaged or blocked by root hairs Bacterial slimes and algae growing on the interior walls of the laterals and emitters combined with clay particles in the water can block the emitters Suspended organic matter and clay particles can damage the system A lot of repair work is caused by rodents chewing the tubes Heavy machinery can damage the laterals

24. Least Efficient EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATION METHODS Most Efficient Flood (40-50%) Furrow (50-60%) Bubbler (60-70%) Sprinkler (70-80%) Drip (80-90%)