DRRR-W2-RISK-FACTORS-UNDERLYING-DISASTER.pptx

Risk Factors

1. RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTER DISASTER READINESS & RISK REDUCTION Prepared by: Roxanne Mae S. Dagotdot

2. ACTIVITY 1! Direction : Read the scenario below. Based on your understanding of disaster from the previous module, enumerate or list down the risks that are reflected from the text.

3. ACTIVITY 1! Gina, an 18-year-old resident of Tacloban City, just got laid off from her job as a sales clerk in a medium-sized hardware store. She and her siblings could barely survive each day with their limited resources. Then Typhoon Yolanda struck, it killed her 2 younger sisters. Their home was destroyed by the storm surge. In her barangay alone, 2000 residents were killed, including her childhood friends and former playmates.

4. ACTIVITY 2! Direction : Read the news article about an earthquake. After you have read the article, answer the guide questions.

5. ACTIVITY 2! G uide Questions: What risk/s can you identify from the news article? What do you think are the factors that affect the disaster risks from the preceding article?

6. PHYSICAL FACTORS would pertain to tangible objects or infrastructure, like the availability of fire exits, or the sturdiness of the building, or the presence or absence of objects that can harm you or help you, etc.

7. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS include state of mental capacity and health (e.g. are we dealing with babies? Kids? Adults? People with special needs?), perception of self (e.g. self-assessment of capability to respond to disasters, fear), etc.

8. SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS include religion, social status, traditions, perception by society, etc

9. ECONOMIC FACTORS include assets and liabilities, income, economic class, etc.

10. POLITICAL FACTORS include government structure, diplo m a tic issues , et c .

11. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS include flora and fauna in environment, health, diseases, etc.

12. RISK FACTORS

13. SEVERITY OF EXPOSURE The amount of exposure to the disaster is highly related to risk of future mental problems. At highest risk are those that go through the disaster themselves. Next are those in close contact with victims. At lower risk of lasting impact are those who only had indirect exposure, such as news of the severe damage.

14. GENDER AND FAMILY Disaster recovery is more stressful when children are present in the home. Women with spouses also experience more distress during recovery. Having a family member in the home who is extremely distressed is related to more stress for everyone. Marital stress has been found to increase after disasters. Also, conflicts between family members or lack of support in the home make it harder to recover from disasters.

15. AGE Adults who are in the range of 40 – 60 are likely to be more distressed after disasters. The thinking is that if one is in that age range, he / she has more demands from job and family. Research on how children react to natural disasters is still limited at this point in time. In general, children show more severe distress after disasters than adults do. Higher stress in the parents is related to worse recovery in children.

16. OTHER FACTORS SPECIFIC TO THE SURVIVOR o Not functioning well before the disaster. o H a v e ha d n o e xperien c e deali n g wi t h disasters. o Must dea l with other st r es sor disaster. o Have poor self – esteem. o Think they are uncared by others. o T hink they h a v e l ittle con t r ol happens to them. o Lack the capacity to manage stress

17. OTHER FACTORS o Bereavement (death of someone close). o Injury to self or another family member. o Life threat. o Panic, horror, or feelings like that during the disaster. o Being separated from family (especially among youth). o Great loss of property. o Displacement (being force to leave home)

18. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES There is a strong body of evidence that these risk factors can be made worse if the disaster occurs in a developing country. Disasters in developing countries, like Philippines, have more severe mental health impact than disasters in developed countries. This is true even with less serious disasters.

19. LOW OR NEGATIVE SOCIAL SUP P ORT the support of others can be both a risk and a resilience factor. Social support can weaken after disasters. This may be due to stress and the need for members of the support network to get on with their own lives.

20. EFFECTS OF DISASTERS TO HUMAN LIFE

21. DISPLACED POPULATIONS One of the most immediate effects of natural disasters is population displacement. When countries are ravaged by earthquakes or other powerful forces of nature like floods and super typhoons, many people must abandon their homes and seek shelter in other regions. A large influx of refugees can disrupt accessibility of health care and education, as well as food supplies and clean water.

22. HEALTH RISKS Aside from the obvious immediate danger that natural disasters present, the secondary effects can be just as damaging. Severe flooding can result in stagnant water that allows breeding of waterborne bacteria and malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Dengue fever is another serious health problem cause by mosquitoes ( aegis egypti ).

23. FOOD SCARCITY After natural disasters, food often becomes scarce. Thousands of people around the world go hungry because of destroyed crops and loss of agricultural supplies, whether it happens suddenly in a storm or gradually in a drought .

24. FOOD SCARCITY A s a result, food prices rise, reducing families’ purchasing power and increasing the risk of severe malnutrition. The impacts of hunger following an earthquake, typhoon or hurricane can be tremendous, cause lifelong damage to children’s development.

25. EMOTIONAL AFTERSHOCKS Natural disasters can be particularly traumatic for young children. Confronted with scenes of destruction and the deaths of friends and loved ones, many children develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), a serious psychological condition resulting from extreme trauma. Left untreated, children suffering from PTSD can be prone to lasting psychological damage and emotional distress.

26. DISASTERS FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES

27. PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVES - describes observable objects in a building/infrastructure which include durability of building, fire exits availability, and absence or presence of an important objects that would help or harm you in any ways. Example: houses and environmental sources of living. Physical effects are the most visible and quantifiable effects of a disaster. In considered in data recording. Assessment of disaster is focused on the following questions:

28. PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVES How many families are affected? (displacement, injury, death) H o w many h o uses a r e dam a ged o r w ash e d out? (i n case o f super typhoon) H o w many b uildings coll a psed or a r e dam a ged ? ( in c a s e o f an earthquake) H o w many r o ads, b r i d ges, da m s an d other inf r a s t r uctu r es a r e damaged? (in case of floods, lahar flows and earthquakes) What is the extent of damage in agricultural industry ?

29. PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES - pertains to the mental capacity and health of an individual to deal with disasters. Age, perception, and self-capacity are some of the point of considerations. In other word, a disaster is something that could happen within a hazard rather than the hazard itself. Hence, one very important component of the recovery phase, aside from relief services is debriefing of psychological support system.

30. OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF A DISASTER ARE THE FOLLOWING: Emotional effects: Shock, terror, irritability, blame, anger, guilt, grief or sadness, numbing, helplessness, loss of pleasure derived from familiar activities, difficulty feeling happy, difficulty feeling loved. Cognitive effects: impaired concentration, impaired decision-making ability, memory impairment, disbelief, confusion, nightmares, decreased self-esteem, decreased self- efficacy, self-blame, intrusive thoughts, memories, dissociation, (e.g.,tunnel vision, dreamlike or ‘spacey’ felling ).

31. OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF A DISASTER ARE THE FOLLOWING: Physical effects: fatigue, exhaustion, insomnia, cardiovascular strain, startle response, hyper arousal, increased physical pain, reduced immune response, headaches, gastrointestinal upset, decreased appetite, decreased libido, vulnerability to illness. Interpersonal effects: Increased relational conflict, social withdrawal, reduced relational intimacy, alienation, impaired work performance, decreased satisfaction, distract, externalization of blame, externalization of vulnerability, feeling abandoned.

32. SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES What the people living at risk know and do about natural hazards and disaster risks is mediated by a range of factors including social conditions (such as age, gender, wealth, ethnicity) and cultural settings (language, beliefs, traditions, customs). In most places people are also more or less exposed by information and ideas coming from the “outside”—the world outside their own cultural setting. At the same time, the field of natural hazards and disasters has developed its own debates, framework, and notions such as vulnerability, resilience, and ‘risk’. But communities may have different priorities and notions of natural hazards and disaster risk. People’s socio-cultural background may affect their response to disasters at the different stages of disaster management.

33. ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES it involves income, assets and liabilities, and economic class of an individual or a community in the society. From an economic perspective, a natural disaster can be defined as a natural event that causes a perturbation to the functioning of the economic system, with a significant negative impact on assets, production factors, output, employment, and consumption. One salient component of assessing the impact of disaster impact from this view is defining direct economic cost and indirect losses.

34. POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES it involves structure of the government, issues in diplomacy, etc. in dealing with disasters. From this view, natural disasters are commonly thought to be less politically contentious than armed conflicts. Yet, a closer look reveals that politics are deeply wedded to both the impact of a natural disaster and the subsequent delivery of humanitarian assistance. Political considerations before, during, and after a natural disaster can determine who is most at risk, who can intervene, what actions will be taken, and who will benefit from those actions.

35. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES – it involves the role of flora (plants) and fauna (animals) in the environment, diseases, health, etc. Disasters are not random an do not occur by accident. They are the convergence of hazards and vulnerable conditions. Disasters not only reveal underlying social, economic, political, and environment problems, but unfortunately contribute to worsening them. Such events pose serious challenges to development, as they erode hard-earned gains in terms of political, social and educational progress, as well as infrastructure and technological development .