drug profiles rgergregreregerrgerge.pptx

drug profiles

1. Patient And Drug Profiles

2. Patient Disease profile Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Patient Counseling Points

3. Patient Case History Demographic Information Chief Complaint History of Present Illness Past Medical History Medication History Social History Family History Assessment and Plan

4. Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Indication : Used in emergencies such as anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, severe asthma, and bradycardia. Pediatric Dose : Anaphylaxis: 0.01 mg/kg IM (up to 0.3 mg) or 0.1 mg/mL solution; may repeat every 5-15 minutes as needed. Cardiac arrest: 0.01 mg/kg IV (up to 1 mg) every 3-5 minutes. Adult Dose : Anaphylaxis: 0.3-0.5 mg IM or SC every 5-15 minutes as needed. Cardiac arrest: 1 mg IV every 3-5 minutes. Major Side Effects : Tachycardia, hypertension, palpitations, anxiety, tremors, arrhythmias. Major Drug Interactions : MAO inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, beta-blockers. Contraindications : Hypersensitivity, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension.

5. Amikacin Indication : Used for serious gram-negative infections. Pediatric Dose : 15 mg/kg/day IV/IM divided every 8 hours (max 15 mg/kg/dose). Adult Dose : 15 mg/kg/day IV/IM divided every 8 hours (max 1.5 g/day). Major Side Effects : Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockade, hypersensitivity reactions. Major Drug Interactions : Loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide), other nephrotoxic or ototoxic drugs. Contraindications : Hypersensitivity, pre-existing kidney or hearing impairment.

6. Isoniazid (INH) Indication : Treatment and prophylaxis of tuberculosis (TB). Pediatric Dose : 10-15 mg/kg/day orally (max 300 mg/day). Adult Dose : 5 mg/kg/day orally (max 300 mg/day). Major Side Effects : Hepatotoxicity (monitor liver function tests), peripheral neuropathy (especially in patients with poor nutrition or diabetes), drug-induced lupus syndrome. Major Drug Interactions : Alcohol (increased risk of hepatotoxicity), rifampicin (increased INH metabolism), phenytoin (decreased phenytoin levels). Contraindications : Severe liver disease, hypersensitivity to INH.

7. Rifampicin Indication : Treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy, and prophylaxis of meningococcal carriers. Pediatric Dose : 10-20 mg/kg/day orally or IV (max 600 mg/day). Adult Dose : 10 mg/kg/day orally or IV (max 600 mg/day). Major Side Effects : Hepatotoxicity (monitor liver function tests), orange discoloration of body fluids, flu-like syndrome, thrombocytopenia. Major Drug Interactions : Accelerates the metabolism of many drugs (e.g., oral contraceptives, warfarin, antiretrovirals ). Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to rifamycins , severe liver disease

8. Pyrazinamide Indication : Treatment of tuberculosis. Pediatric Dose : 15-30 mg/kg/day orally (max 2 g/day). Adult Dose : 15-30 mg/kg/day orally (max 2 g/day). Major Side Effects : Hepatotoxicity, hyperuricemia (monitor uric acid levels), arthralgia, gastrointestinal upset. Major Drug Interactions : None significant. Contraindications : Severe liver disease, acute gout.

9. Ethambutol Indication : Treatment of tuberculosis. Pediatric Dose : 15-25 mg/kg/day orally (max 2.5 g/day). Adult Dose : 15-25 mg/kg/day orally (max 2.5 g/day). Major Side Effects : Optic neuritis (monitor visual acuity and color discrimination), hyperuricemia, gastrointestinal upset. Major Drug Interactions : None significant. Contraindications : Severe optic neuritis, hypersensitivity to ethambutol

10. Carbamazepine Indication : Treatment of partial seizures, generalized tonic- clonic seizures, and trigeminal neuralgia. Pediatric Dose : 10-20 mg/kg/day orally (max 400 mg/day). Adult Dose : Initial dose 200 mg twice daily, titrated up as needed (max 1200 mg/day). Major Side Effects : Dizziness, drowsiness, ataxia, nausea, rash, hyponatremia, hematological effects (e.g., leukopenia, thrombocytopenia). Major Drug Interactions : Enzyme inducer (decreases levels of many drugs including hormonal contraceptives, warfarin). Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to carbamazepine, history of bone marrow suppression

11. Phenytoin Indication : Treatment of partial seizures, generalized tonic- clonic seizures. Pediatric Dose : 5-7 mg/kg/day orally or IV divided every 8-12 hours. Adult Dose : 300-400 mg/day orally or IV divided every 8-12 hours. Major Side Effects : Gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, nystagmus, diplopia, ataxia, rash, hepatotoxicity, osteoporosis, megaloblastic anemia. Major Drug Interactions : Enzyme inducer (decreases levels of many drugs including hormonal contraceptives, warfarin), can displace other highly protein-bound drugs (e.g., phenytoin, warfarin). Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to phenytoin, sinus bradycardia, heart block.

12. Valproic Acid Indication : Treatment of generalized seizures, absence seizures, bipolar disorder, and migraine prophylaxis. Pediatric Dose : 15-60 mg/kg/day orally divided every 8-12 hours. Adult Dose : 20-30 mg/kg/day orally divided every 8-12 hours. Major Side Effects : Hepatotoxicity (especially in children under 2 years old), pancreatitis, weight gain, tremor, hair loss, thrombocytopenia. Major Drug Interactions : Inhibits metabolism of other drugs (e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine, lamotrigine), increases levels of lamotrigine. Contraindications : Hepatic dysfunction, pancreatitis, hypersensitivity to valproic acid

13. Lamotrigine Indication : Treatment of partial seizures, generalized seizures, bipolar disorder. Pediatric Dose : Initially 0.15-0.6 mg/kg/day orally divided every 12 hours. Adult Dose : Initially 25 mg/day orally, titrated up as needed (max 400 mg/day). Major Side Effects : Rash (including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis), dizziness, ataxia, diplopia, headache. Major Drug Interactions : Valproic acid (increases lamotrigine levels), enzyme inducers (decrease lamotrigine levels). Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to lamotrigine, history of rash with other antiepileptic drugs

14. Diazepam Indication : Treatment of anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal, muscle spasms, seizures. Pediatric Dose : 0.04-0.1 mg/kg/dose orally or IV every 6-12 hours as needed. Adult Dose : 2-10 mg orally or IV every 6-12 hours as needed. Major Side Effects : Sedation, drowsiness, dizziness, ataxia, respiratory depression (in high doses), paradoxical reactions (e.g., aggression, agitation), dependence, withdrawal symptoms. Major Drug Interactions : CNS depressants (e.g., alcohol, opioids), medications that inhibit CYP3A4 (e.g., ketoconazole, cimetidine), CNS stimulants (may decrease sedative effect). Contraindications : Acute narrow-angle glaucoma, severe respiratory insufficiency, hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines.

15. Lorazepam Indication : Treatment of anxiety disorders, agitation, status epilepticus, insomnia. Pediatric Dose : 0.05-0.1 mg/kg/dose orally or IV every 6-8 hours as needed. Adult Dose : 1-4 mg orally or IV every 4-6 hours as needed. Major Side Effects : Sedation, drowsiness, respiratory depression (in high doses), anterograde amnesia, paradoxical reactions, dependence, withdrawal symptoms. Major Drug Interactions : CNS depressants (e.g., alcohol, opioids), medications that inhibit CYP3A4 (e.g., ketoconazole, cimetidine). Contraindications : Acute narrow-angle glaucoma, severe respiratory insufficiency, hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines.

16. Alprazolam Indication : Treatment of anxiety disorders, panic disorder. Pediatric Dose : Not established; generally not recommended in children. Adult Dose : 0.25-0.5 mg orally 3 times daily, titrated up as needed (max 4 mg/day). Major Side Effects : Sedation, drowsiness, dizziness, ataxia, cognitive impairment, paradoxical reactions, dependence, withdrawal symptoms. Major Drug Interactions : CNS depressants (e.g., alcohol, opioids), medications that inhibit CYP3A4 (e.g., ketoconazole, cimetidine). Contraindications : Acute narrow-angle glaucoma, severe respiratory insufficiency, hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines.

17. Cefixime - Third generation cephalosporin Indication : Treatment of respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, otitis media, and gonorrhea. Pediatric Dose : 8 mg/kg/day orally divided every 12 hours (max 400 mg/day). Adult Dose : 400 mg orally once daily or divided every 12 hours. Major Side Effects : Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, allergic reactions (e.g., rash, pruritus), headache. Major Drug Interactions : Probenecid (may increase cefixime levels), loop diuretics (may increase risk of nephrotoxicity). Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins , penicillins , or any component of the formulation.

18. Cefadroxil - First generation cephalosporin. Indication : Treatment of skin and skin structure infections, urinary tract infections, and pharyngitis. Pediatric Dose : 30 mg/kg/day orally divided every 12 hours (max 2 g/day). Adult Dose : 1-2 g orally once daily or divided every 12-24 hours. Major Side Effects : Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, rash, allergic reactions (e.g., pruritus, urticaria). Major Drug Interactions : Probenecid (may increase cefadroxil levels), loop diuretics (may increase risk of nephrotoxicity). Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins , penicillins , or any component of the formulation.

19. Cefuroxime - Second generation cephalosporin Indication : Treatment of respiratory tract infections, skin and skin structure infections, urinary tract infections, and Lyme disease. Pediatric Dose : 30 mg/kg/day IV/IM divided every 8 hours (max 1.5 g/day). Adult Dose : 750 mg to 1.5 g IV/IM every 8 hours. Major Side Effects : Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, rash, allergic reactions (e.g., pruritus, urticaria), pseudomembranous colitis. Major Drug Interactions : Probenecid (may increase cefuroxime levels), loop diuretics (may increase risk of nephrotoxicity). Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins , penicillins , or any component of the formulation.

20. Ceftriaxone - Third generation cephalosporin Indication : Treatment of respiratory tract infections, skin and skin structure infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, gonorrhea, and Lyme disease. Pediatric Dose : 50-100 mg/kg/day IV/IM once daily (max 4 g/day). Adult Dose : 1-2 g IV/IM once daily. Major Side Effects : Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, rash, allergic reactions (e.g., pruritus, urticaria), biliary sludging . Major Drug Interactions : Probenecid (may increase ceftriaxone levels), loop diuretics (may increase risk of nephrotoxicity). Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins , penicillins , or any component of the formulation, neonates with hyperbilirubinemia.

21. Cefepime - Fourth generation cephalosporin Indication : Treatment of moderate to severe infections including respiratory tract infections, skin and skin structure infections, urinary tract infections, and febrile neutropenia. Pediatric Dose : 50 mg/kg IV/IM every 8-12 hours (max 6 g/day). Adult Dose : 1-2 g IV/IM every 12 hours (max 6 g/day). Major Side Effects : Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, rash, allergic reactions (e.g., pruritus, urticaria), seizures (especially in patients with renal impairment or high doses). Major Drug Interactions : Probenecid (may increase cefepime levels), loop diuretics (may increase risk of nephrotoxicity). Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins , penicillins , or any component of the formulation.

22. Chlorpheniramine Indication : Treatment of allergic conditions such as allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and allergic conjunctivitis. Pediatric Dose : 0.1-0.4 mg/kg/day orally divided every 6-8 hours (max 12 mg/day). Adult Dose : 4 mg orally every 4-6 hours as needed. Major Side Effects : Sedation, drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention. Major Drug Interactions : CNS depressants (e.g., alcohol, opioids), MAO inhibitors (increased anticholinergic effects). Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to chlorpheniramine , newborn or premature infants, breastfeeding mothers.

23. Cimetidine Indication : Treatment of peptic ulcer disease, GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), Zollinger -Ellison syndrome. Pediatric Dose : 20-40 mg/kg/day orally divided every 6-8 hours (max 2.4 g/day). Adult Dose : 800-1600 mg orally divided every 6-8 hours. Major Side Effects : Headache, dizziness, diarrhea, gynecomastia, confusion (especially in elderly patients). Major Drug Interactions : Inhibits CYP450 enzymes, leading to increased levels of various drugs (e.g., warfarin, phenytoin, theophylline). Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to cimetidine, severe liver or kidney dysfunction

24. Digoxin Indication : Treatment of heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter. Pediatric Dose : 20-35 mcg/kg/day orally divided every 12-24 hours. Adult Dose : Loading dose: 0.75-1.5 mg orally divided into 2 or 3 doses; maintenance dose: 0.125-0.25 mg orally once daily. Major Side Effects : Arrhythmias (especially bradycardia and heart block), nausea, vomiting, anorexia, visual disturbances (e.g., blurred or yellow-tinted vision). Major Drug Interactions : Diuretics (e.g., thiazides, loop diuretics), calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, amiodarone (increased risk of bradycardia). Contraindications : Ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, hypersensitivity to digoxin

25. Dobutamine Indication : Treatment of heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Pediatric Dose : Not established; dosage based on individual patient response. Adult Dose : 2-20 mcg/kg/min IV infusion, titrated to patient response. Major Side Effects : Tachycardia, arrhythmias, hypertension, headache, nausea, vomiting, peripheral ischemia. Major Drug Interactions : MAO inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, beta-blockers (may attenuate effects of dobutamine ). Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to dobutamine , idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis

26. Dopamine Indication : Treatment of shock (e.g., septic shock, cardiogenic shock), heart failure, and acute renal failure. Pediatric Dose : Not established; dosage based on individual patient response. Adult Dose : 1-5 mcg/kg/min IV infusion, titrated to patient response. Major Side Effects : Tachycardia, arrhythmias, hypertension, headache, nausea, vomiting, peripheral ischemia. Major Drug Interactions : MAO inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, alpha-blockers (may potentiate effects of dopamine). Contraindications : Pheochromocytoma , ventricular fibrillation, hypersensitivity to dopamine

27. Ciprofloxacin Indication : Treatment of various bacterial infections including urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, bone and joint infections, and certain sexually transmitted infections. Pediatric Dose : 10-20 mg/kg orally or IV every 12 hours (max 750 mg/dose). Adult Dose : 250-750 mg orally or IV every 12 hours, depending on the severity and type of infection. Major Side Effects : Nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, tendon rupture (especially Achilles tendon), photosensitivity, QT prolongation, peripheral neuropathy. Major Drug Interactions : Antacids, iron supplements, calcium supplements (may decrease absorption of ciprofloxacin), NSAIDs (may increase risk of CNS stimulation and seizures), warfarin (may increase INR and risk of bleeding). Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin or other quinolone antibiotics, tendon disorders (e.g., tendonitis, tendon rupture), myasthenia gravis

28. Moxifloxacin Indication : Treatment of respiratory tract infections, sinusitis, community-acquired pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, and intra-abdominal infections. Pediatric Dose : Safety and efficacy not established in pediatric patients. Adult Dose : 400 mg orally or IV once daily for 5-14 days, depending on the type and severity of infection. Major Side Effects : Nausea, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, QT prolongation, photosensitivity, tendon disorders (including tendon rupture), peripheral neuropathy, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Major Drug Interactions : Antacids, iron supplements, calcium supplements (may decrease absorption of moxifloxacin ), NSAIDs (may increase risk of CNS stimulation and seizures), warfarin (may increase INR and risk of bleeding ) glucocorticoids. Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to moxifloxacin or other quinolone antibiotics, myasthenia gravis, severe liver disease.2

29. Furosemide Indication : Treatment of edema associated with congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and renal disease; management of hypertension. Pediatric Dose : 1-2 mg/kg orally or IV once or twice daily. Adult Dose : 20-80 mg orally or IV once or twice daily, with dosage adjustments based on response. Major Side Effects : Electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypomagnesemia), dehydration, hypotension, ototoxicity, hyperglycemia, photosensitivity. Major Drug Interactions : Digoxin (potentiates risk of hypokalemia and arrhythmias), aminoglycosides (potentiates risk of ototoxicity), NSAIDs (may reduce diuretic effect). Contraindications : Anuria, hypersensitivity to sulfonamides, severe electrolyte depletion

30. Lactulose Indication : Treatment of constipation, hepatic encephalopathy. Pediatric Dose : 2.5-10 mL (5-20 g) orally once or twice daily, titrated to produce 2-3 soft stools daily. Adult Dose : 15-30 mL (30-60 g) orally once or twice daily, titrated to produce 2-3 soft stools daily. Major Side Effects : Flatulence, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia, hypernatremia). Major Drug Interactions : None reported. Contraindications : Intestinal obstruction, galactosemia , hypersensitivity to lactulose

31. Macrolides (e.g., azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin) Indication : Treatment of respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, sexually transmitted infections, and atypical pathogens. Pediatric Dose : Varies depending on the specific macrolide and indication. Adult Dose : Varies depending on the specific macrolide and indication. Major Side Effects : Gastrointestinal upset (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), hepatotoxicity, QT prolongation, allergic reactions (rash, anaphylaxis), Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Major Drug Interactions : CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., azole antifungals, protease inhibitors) increase macrolide levels, increasing risk of QT prolongation. Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to macrolides, concurrent use with ergot alkaloids, astemizole , terfenadine , cisapride ,

32. Metoclopramide Indication : Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), diabetic gastroparesis, nausea, vomiting, and postoperative ileus. Pediatric Dose : 0.1-0.15 mg/kg orally or IV every 6-8 hours. Adult Dose : 10-15 mg orally or IV every 6-8 hours. Major Side Effects : Extrapyramidal symptoms (dystonia, tardive dyskinesia), sedation, diarrhea, hyperprolactinemia, QT prolongation. Major Drug Interactions : Dopamine antagonists (e.g., antipsychotics) may potentiate extrapyramidal symptoms, additive effects with other drugs causing CNS depression. Contraindications : Gastrointestinal obstruction or perforation, pheochromocytoma , history of tardive dyskinesia.

33. Morphine/Pethidine Indication : Treatment of moderate to severe pain. Pediatric Dose : Varies based on weight and indication. Adult Dose : Varies based on pain severity and patient response. Major Side Effects : Respiratory depression, sedation, constipation, nausea, vomiting, pruritus, hypotension. Major Drug Interactions : CNS depressants (e.g., benzodiazepines, alcohol) potentiate respiratory depression, MAO inhibitors increase risk of serotonin syndrome. Contraindications : Respiratory depression, acute or severe bronchial asthma, paralytic ileus, hypersensitivity to opioids.

34. Nifedipine Indication : Treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and Raynaud's phenomenon. Pediatric Dose : Safety and efficacy not established in pediatric patients. Adult Dose : Immediate-release: 10-20 mg orally 3 times daily; Extended-release: 30-60 mg orally once daily. Major Side Effects : Peripheral edema, headache, flushing, dizziness, reflex tachycardia, hypotension, gingival hyperplasia. Major Drug Interactions : CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., azole antifungals, macrolide antibiotics) increase nifedipine levels, leading to enhanced hypotensive effects. Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, severe hypotension, shock, acute myocardial infarction.

35. NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) Indication : Relief of pain and inflammation in conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and mild to moderate acute pain. Pediatric Dose : Varies depending on the specific NSAID and indication; often based on weight and age. Adult Dose : Varies depending on the specific NSAID and indication. Major Side Effects : Gastrointestinal ulcers/bleeding, renal impairment, cardiovascular events (e.g., myocardial infarction, stroke), allergic reactions (e.g., rash, anaphylaxis). Major Drug Interactions : Increased risk of bleeding with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, decreased effectiveness of antihypertensive medications, increased risk of renal toxicity with diuretics and ACE inhibitors. Contraindications : Active peptic ulcer disease, history of gastrointestinal bleeding, severe renal impairment, hypersensitivity to NSAIDs

36. ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution) Indication: Treatment of dehydration due to diarrhea or vomiting, particularly in cases of acute gastroenteritis. Pediatric Dose: Based on the degree of dehydration and weight; typically 50-100 mL/kg over 3-4 hours for moderate dehydration. Adult Dose: Varies depending on the degree of dehydration and body weight. Major Side Effects: None significant when used as directed. Major Drug Interactions: None reported. Contraindications: Severe ileus, intestinal obstruction, inability to drink or maintain oral hydration

37. Penicillins Indication : Treatment of bacterial infections including respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and certain sexually transmitted infections. Pediatric Dose : Varies depending on the specific penicillin and indication; often based on weight and age. Adult Dose : Varies depending on the specific penicillin and indication. Major Side Effects : Allergic reactions (ranging from rash to anaphylaxis), gastrointestinal upset (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), pseudomembranous colitis (with extended-spectrum penicillins ). Major Drug Interactions : Decreased effectiveness with probenecid (reduces renal excretion), increased risk of bleeding with anticoagulants. Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to penicillins , particularly in patients with a history of severe immediate hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis)

38. Prednisolone Indication : Treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Pediatric Dose : Varies depending on the condition and severity; typically 0.1-2 mg/kg/day orally in divided doses. Adult Dose : Varies depending on the condition and severity; typically 5-60 mg/day orally in divided doses. Major Side Effects : Suppression of adrenal function, increased susceptibility to infections, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, fluid retention, psychiatric disturbances. Major Drug Interactions : Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding with NSAIDs, decreased effectiveness of live vaccines, increased metabolism with inducers of cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g., rifampicin). Contraindications : Systemic fungal infections, live virus vaccines, hypersensitivity to prednisolone or other corticosteroids

39. Salbutamol (Albuterol) Indication : Treatment of bronchospasm associated with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and exercise-induced bronchospasm. Pediatric Dose : Nebulization: 2.5 mg every 4-6 hours as needed; Metered-dose inhaler: 100-200 mcg every 4-6 hours as needed. Adult Dose : Nebulization: 2.5-5 mg every 4-6 hours as needed; Metered-dose inhaler: 100-200 mcg every 4-6 hours as needed. Major Side Effects : Tachycardia, palpitations, tremor, headache, paradoxical bronchospasm, hypokalemia. Major Drug Interactions : Increased risk of cardiovascular effects with other sympathomimetic agents, increased risk of hypokalemia with diuretics. Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to salbutamol or other sympathomimetic agents, tachyarrhythmias , severe hypertension.

40. Vancomycin Indication : Treatment of serious bacterial infections including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, and certain Gram-positive infections. Pediatric Dose : 10-20 mg/kg orally or IV every 6-12 hours, depending on the severity and type of infection. Adult Dose : Oral: 125-500 mg every 6 hours; IV: 500 mg-2 g every 8-12 hours, depending on the severity and type of infection. Major Side Effects : Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, red man syndrome (with rapid IV infusion), thrombophlebitis, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia. Major Drug Interactions : Increased risk of nephrotoxicity with other nephrotoxic agents (e.g., aminoglycosides), increased risk of ototoxicity with other ototoxic agents. Contraindications : Hypersensitivity to vancomycin, pre-existing renal impairment, hypersensitivity to corn-derived excipients (for certain formulations)