DSA complication

DSA complication

1. Complications of dsa and their management Dr Vaishal Shah DM Neurology SR

2. INTRODUCTION Diagnostic angiographic procedures have been supplanted by noninvasive imaging Therapeutic procedures have become more Complex. The safest endovascular procedure is the one that can be avoided by performing noninvasive imaging.

3. Indications

4. Catheters used in 150 studies in adults

5. Complications

6. NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION Ischemic stroke / TIA (Most common Neurological complication) Thrombosis within the catheter with subsequent embolization. Mechanical disruption of aortic or supra-aortic vessel plaque. Dissection of the catheterized vessel with subsequent thrombosis and embolization secondary to wire or catheter manipulation. Air embolism

7. Transient Global Amnesia and Cortical Blindness Aneurysmal Rupture During Angiography

8. RISK FACTORS For complications in the first 24 hours after cerebral angiography include Patients who are referred because of stroke or transient ischemic attacks. Patients whose angiograms demonstrate greater than 50% to 70% stenotic disease of the cerebral vessels.

9. RISK FACTORS Patients older than age 70. Patients whose angiograms require a higher volume of contrast. Patients whose angiograms last more than 60 to 90 minutes or require multiple catheters. Patients whose angiogram was performed by a fellow alone.

10. RISK FACTORS Patients with systemic hypertension or renal impairment. Patients referred for subarachnoid haemorrhage or who are immediately postoperative.

11. DISEASE RELATED COMPLICATION In analysis of three prospective studies Permanent and transient complications was significantly lower in patients with SAH compared to TIA or stroke (1.8% versus 3.7%). Aneurysm/AVM without SAH compared with TIA or stroke (0.3% versus 3.7%).

12. ASYMPTOMATIC ISCHEMIC EVENTS Asymptomatic ischemic events (detected on DWMRI) during cerebral angiography have gained more attention. Long vs short procedure. With risk factors vs without risk factors. Experienced vs trainee

13. MINIMUM STANDARD American Society of Neuroradiology and allied societies in the neurovascular field issued a joint statement in 2004 suggesting that a case log of 100 patients become the minimum standard for establishing adequate training in diagnostic cervicocerebral angiography.

14. Microemboli and Microbubbles Emboli may represent dislodged Atheromatous material Thrombus from the catheter Air bubbles. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) - reveal much about cerebrovascular physiology and intraprocedural events.

15. Ct SCAN OF A CHILD WITH AIR EMBOLISM

16. AIR EMBOLISM Unfortunately, the neuroform stent had been inexpertly flushed and prepared in advance.

17. Treatment If large enough to be detected fluoroscopically, and the vessel is easily accessible, aspirate using microcatheter and flush the vessel with heparinized saline to break up the remaining bubbles. Quick and readily available (though unproven) methods Use of transcranial Doppler (to agitate and break up bubbles), Heparinization (to prevent clot from forming in vessels stagnating from the air) Administration of oxygen and induction of hypertension

18. If available, hyperbaric oxygen chambers have shown good outcomes. Started within 6 hours / After 6 hours - Outcome 67% / 35%. When in doubt, a variety of methods can be used simultaneously, including hyperbaric oxygen plus induction of barbiturate coma to attempt to protect the brain. The most important thing is to recognize that air emboli have occurred and then use whatever treatment modalities that are available.

19. Catheter related thrombosis Catheter Flushing Continuous irrigation system Intermittently double flushing the catheter with syringes every 90 seconds

20. 65/M DSA evaluation for Posterior fossa Dural AVM. Thrombus formation in the catheter obliterating superior division of Rt MCA artery.

21. Treatment Arterial pressure should be raised. Visible thrombus may be treated by mechanical lysis using a guide wire. Thrombolytic agent – tPA . Recanalisation rate-44%. Antiplatelets before procedure.

22. Catheter related vasospasm Prevents adequate positioning of catheter. Also cause vasospasm induced cerebral hypoperfusion. Rx – intraarterial 2% lidocaine (20mg diluted in 10 ml saline) Nicardipine (1 mg in 10 ml saline)

23. 44/F . Case of coil embolization for unruptured aneurysm had bronchospasm on repeated catheterization .

24. Transient Global Amnesia and Cortical Blindness Transient global amnesia after cerebral angiography – reported rare but not so rare. Some of these appear to be idiosyncratic to the patient, for instance, direct toxicity in the setting of compromise of the blood–brain barrier resulting in clinical onset of cortical blindness, hemiballismus, or bilateral cochlear deafness.

25. Usually occurs in the absence of other neurologic signs. Patients invariably recover without specific intervention within 24 to 72 hours. Effect on the posterior circulation with particular reference to the medial temporal lobes. Seen in patients with atherosclerotic vertebrobasilar disease. The possibilities of atheromatous emboli and particulate contamination of contrast are possible explanations.

26. Aneurysmal Rupture During Angiography Most severe neurologic event - rebleeding of a freshly ruptured aneurysm, with a mortality upto 79%. Rebleeding was considered coincidental. Power injections of standard rates accompanied by an increase in intravascular pressure.

27. Studies intracarotid contrast injection may cause a reflex bradycardia and mild hypotension, there is an initial 1- to 2-second period of elevated intracarotid pressure, which declines over approximately 2 to 10 seconds. Koenig et al. reported on 10 cases of aneurysmal rupture during angiography and reviewed the literature. They observed a 100% mortality rate in their patients. They advised that consideration be given to a reduction in contrast injection rates to about 4 mL/s in patients with recent subarachnoid haemorrhage.

28. Komiyama et al. conducted an extensive review and found a rate of 79% mortality associated with aneurysmal rupture during angiography. Occurred in approximately 3% of all patients referred for angiography for SAH. More likely when cerebral angiography was undertaken within 6 hours of the initial bleed. Hand injection can occasionally be more provocative than power injector.

29. Intraprocedural rupture may not always be seen on the angiographic images. Warning signals - vital signs, subjective complaints, and deterioration in neurologic status. Should be monitored after each angiographic run. Initial increase in flow followed by a marked reduction in flow.

30. With a sudden increase in ICP , diminished runoff of contrast in the internal carotid artery may be seen. Occluding embolus / sudden sustained elevation of ICP can cause similar stagnation and poor runoff of contrast. Nornes et al. reported data on the changes in internal carotid artery blood flow and pressure associated with intraoperative aneurysmal rupture.

31. Treatment Packing the defect with coils. Emergency craniotomy and clipping may be required Acute hydrocephalus due to SAH – ventricular drainage

32. Nonneurologic Complications of Cerebral Angiography Hematoma formation at the arterial puncture site. Reported as high as 10.7% for femoral puncture sites depending on sheath size and use of heparinization. Higher hematoma rates for carotid and brachial sites have been reported at 25.3% and 15.7%, respectively.

33. The pulse is more difficult to control in the brachial areas during compression. Dion et al. reported that patients older than age 70 had a hematoma rate of 18% after transfemoral cerebral angiography, of whom one third needed fluid replacement or surgical repair. Rx - Compression. Protamine sulfate

34. Femoral artery pseudoaneurysms are rare – Incidence 0.05% to 0.55%. Other nonneurologic complications with an incidence of less than 1% to 2%, which constitute serious problems, include MI, allergic reactions. Minor complications include nausea or vomiting, benign bradycardia or extrasystoles , fainting, or delayed hematoma formation after discharge.

35. There should also be a lucid set of orders for patient immobilization, groin and pulse precautions, and intravenous fluids to continue over the following 4 to 8 hours.

36. Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Acute contrast-induced AKI is defined as a rise in serum creatinine of >25% above baseline or a rise of 0.5 mg/ dL within 48 hours of a contrast-based procedure. A marker for significantly increased in-hospital mortality - 22% compared with 1.5% in nonaffected patients Occurrence of contrast-induced dialysis is associated with an in-hospital mortality rate of 35%

37. Accounts for as much as 10% of hospital-acquired renal failure. May be seen in as many as 14.5% of coronary catheterization patients. In up to 40% of diabetic patients undergoing angiography. Even higher proportions in patients with established severe renal impairment. Usually transient and requires long-term dialysis in less that 1% of cases.

38. Diabetic patients, and particularly those with (GFR) <60 mL/min, will need to discontinue using metformin for at least 48 hours following a procedure. Adequate hydration in preparation for the procedure + use of a bicarbonate infusion protocol, discussed below. Premedication with N -acetylcysteine. Use of nonionic contrast agents, particularly iodixanol.

39. A meta-analysis of trials suggests that use of iodixanol can reduce the likelihood of AKI from 3.5% to 1.4% in an at-risk patient, or by even more in higher-risk groups.

40. Contrast reaction Previous episode of anaphylactoid reaction to contrast - 17% - 35% risk Prednisone 50 mg every 6 hours for 3 doses ending 1 hour before the procedure and diphenhydramine 50 mg intramuscularly (IM) 1 hour before the procedure For emergency patients, hydrocortisone 200 mg IV stat and repeated every 4 hours during the procedure. MPS 32 mg PO during the 24 hours before an angiogram and repeated 2 hours before the procedure.

41. Urticaria Laryngeal edema Bronchospasm Bradycardia and hypotension

42. REferences Pearse Morris, Practical Neuroangiography T h i r d E d i t i o n Complications of Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography, Timothy J. Kaufmann et al., Radiology: Volume 243: Number 3—June 2007 Textbook of Interventional Neurology by Adnan I. Qureshi Complications of Intravenous Digital Subtraction Angiography, ball et al., Arch Neurol 1985;42:969-972

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