E_Pawlowski_MnEQ_English_Lecture_01_Intro.pdf

Lecture 1, Introduction to Instrumentation & Measurement

1. Measurement of Non-electrical Quantities

Lecture 1
Introduction to Instrumentation &

Measurement

Eligiusz PAWLOWSKI
Lublin University of Technology
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Presentation for Second-Degree Electrical Engineering Students
Winter Semester 2021/2022

2. DISCLAIMER

This lecture presentation does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a
substitute for prescribed textbooks.

The relevant list of bibliography is provided on the following pages.

The matter presented here is prepared by the author for their respective teaching
assignments by referring the textbooks and reference books.

Further, this lecture presentation is not intended to be used for commercial

purpose and the author is not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise,
arising out of use of this presentation.

Eligiusz Pawtowski

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

3. Didactic comments

This presentation constitutes only auxiliary materials for the lecture on the
Measurement of Non-Electrical Quantities conducted for students of the Faculty
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science of the Lublin University of
Technology. Making this presentation available to students does not relieve them
from the need to take their own lecture notes, and does not replace the
independent study of the applicable textbooks.

Thus, the content of this presentation, in particular, cannot be treated as the scope
of the material for the final test.

The final test covers the scope of the material actually presented during the
lecture and included in the relevant parts of the textbooks listed in the lecture
reference list.

Eligiusz Pawlowski

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

4. The subject of the lecture

- Module information, lecture, laboratory, final grades

- Bibliography - basic and additional textbooks in English

- Reminder of basic information about measurements

- System and measurement system

- Introduction to sensors

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

5. Basic information about module

Subject: Measurement of Non-electrical Quantities

Credit: final test on the Moodle platform at the end of the semester (2 February
2022).

Activities related to the lecture: Laboratory, 30 hours: from 18-11-2021 to
02-02-2022.

Lecturer: Eligiusz Pawtowski.
Consultation: remotely on the Teams platform.

Lecture duration: 10 weeks x 3 hours = 30 hours.

Laboratory duration: 10 weeks x 3 hours = 30 hours.

Program, literature, ete .: notice board at room no. E-318 + Moodle + Teams.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

6. Measurement of Non-electrical Quantities Course objective

1. Learning about the structure of the measuring chain and the basic definitions of
sensors and transducers.

2. Developing the skills for the correct selection of physical quantity sensors and
appropriate measuring apparatus as well as designing of measuring systems for
measuring non-electric quantities.

3. Acquiring the practical skills in the use of specialized measuring equipment and
proper performance of measurements of non-electrical quantities using electrical
methods while maintaining the principles of occupational health and safety in the
electrical industry.

4. Preparing of students to work in the Laboratory of Measurement of Non-

electrical Quantities and to measuring of non-electric quantities in a student team
according to the presented specification.

5.Obtaining practical skills in correctly develop documentation from the
completed measurement experiment and evaluation of the results obtained and
presentation of the results achieved.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

7. Additional materials for the MnEQ Course

1. Lectures on the Teams platform:

2. Additional materials for the lecture on the Moodle platform:

3. Laboratory on the Teams platform:

4. Additional materials for the laboratory on the Moodle platform:

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

8. Method of calculating the final grade

To obtain a positive final module assessment is to get good ratings from the
laboratory and the final test of the lecture.

The final test of the lecture will be executed remotely on the Moodle platform at
the end of the semester (2 February 2022, it will be wednesday, not thursday !!!).

This is a grading scale used for assessing students’ performance described in the
Lublin University of Technology Regulations.

This scale is in line with grading scales used by other universities. There are

corresponding ECTS points to each grade.
very good 5.0 (A = 91-100%)
good plus 4.5 (B = 81-90%)
good 4.0 (C = 71-80%)
sufficient plus 3.5 (D = 61-70%)
sufficient 3.0 (E = 51-60%)
insufficient 2.0 (F = 50% and below)

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

9. Bibliography - basic textbooks in English

1. Waldemar Nawrocki, Measurement Systems and Sensors, 2005 ARTECH
HOUSE, INC.
2. Slawomir Tumanski, Principles of electrical measurement, 2006 Taylor &
Francis Group.
3. Jacob Fraden, Handbook of modern sensors : physics, designs, and
applications — 4th ed., 2010 Springer-Verlag
4. Walt Kester, Practical Design Techniques for Sensor Signal Conditioning,
Analog Devices Technical Reference Books, 1999 Analog Devices, Inc.
5. John G. Webster, The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors
Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 1999
6. Jon S. Wilson, Sensor Technology Handbook, Elsevier Inc. 2005.
7. Practical Temperature Measurements, Application Note 290, Agilent
Technologies.
8. Alan S. Morris, Measurement and Instrumentation Principles, Third
edition, 2001 Butterworth-Heinemann.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawtowski

10. Bibliography - additional textbooks in English

1. Tietze Ulrich, Schenk Christoph, Gamm Eberhard, Electronic Circuits,
Handbook for Design and Application, English: Springer, Heidelberg 1978,
1991, Polish: Naukowo-Techniczne,Warsaw 1976, 1987, 1996.

2. Horowitz Paul, Hill Winfield, The Art o Electronics, Cambridge University
Press 1980, 1989

3. John Park, Steve Mackay, Practical Data Acquisition for Instrumentation
and Control Systems, 2003 Elsevier.

4. Ernest O. Doebelin, Measurement Systems Application and Design, 1990
McGraw-Hill, Inc.

5. Hoffmann, An Introduction to Measurements using Strain Gages, Hottinger
Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH, 1989

6. Walter G. Jung, Editor, Op Amp Applications Handbook, Analog Devices,
Newnes/Elsevier, 2005

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

11. Bibliography — Vocabulary and Standards in English

1. JCGM 200:2012, International vocabulary of metrology — Basic and
general concepts and associated terms (VIM) 3rd edition, 2008 version with
minor corrections.

2. JCGM 100:2008, Evaluation of measurement data — Guide to the
expression of uncertainty in measurement, GUM 1995 with minor corrections

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

12. Basic definitions (reminder)

l Measurement | of 3Non-electrical | 2 Quantities

N /

4Non-electrical Quantities

/

5 Measurement of Non-electrical Quantities

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

13. Why|do we need Instrumentation & Measurement?

There are many reasons:

- To determine various parameters or information of the system
or a process.

- To control the system variables (e.g. voltage, power,
temperature, flow rate, pressure... ) based on the collected
measurement data.

- Currently, automatic control systems are widely used in process
industries (power plants, oil refineries, chemical plants ...) and
modern sophisticated systems (aircraft autopilots, missile
guidance, radar tracking system ... )

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

14. What]is Instrumentation?

Instrumentation is a field of study and work centering on
measurement and control of physical processes.

These physical processes include e.g. pressure, temperature,
flow rate, chemical consistency and etc.

An instrument is a device that measures and/or acts to control

any kind of physical process.

Due to the fact that electrical quantities of voltage and current
are easy to measure, manipulate, and transmit over long
distances, they are widely used to represent such physical
variables (non-electrical quantities ) and transmit the
information to remote locations.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

15. Electrical quantities & Non-electrical quantities

What is the problem?
Most quantities to be measured are non-electrical such as
temperature, pressure, displacement, humidity, fluid flow,
speed, etc., but these quantities cannot be measured directly.
For this reason, such quantities are required to be sensed and
changed into some other form for easy measurement.

Electrical quantities such as current, voltage, resistance
inductance, and capacitance, etc. can be conveniently
measured, transferred, and stored.

Therefore, for the measurement of non-electrical quantities,
these are to be converted into electrical quantities first and then
measured.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

16. What is Measurement & Metrology?

Measurement|is an act of assigning a specific value to a
physical variable.

Measurand is a variable whose value is measured.

Metrology|is a field of knowledge concerned with
measurement.

All measurements have:
- Magnitude,
- Uncertainty (error),
- Units.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

17. Basic definitions

Source of basic definitions:
JCGM 200:2012
International vocabulary of
eno vocabulary of metrology — Basic and

pee Acebo
ns general concepts and

3rd edition

tala o a associated terms (VIM)
3rd edition 2008 version
with minor corrections

JCGM 200-2012

Vocabulaire international de

3 édition

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

18. Basic definitions - [Quantity

Quantity + property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the
property has a magnitude that can be expressed as a number and a
reference.

Examples of quantities: length, energy, electric charge, electric resistance.

NOTE 1. A reference can be a measurement unit, a measurement
procedure, a reference material, or a combination of such.

NOTE 2. The concept “quantity” may be generically divided into, e.g.
‘physical quantity’, “chemical quantity’, ‘electrical quantity”, ‘non-
electrical quantity’ and ‘biological quantity’, or base quantity and derived
quantity.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

19. Basic definitions — Base & Derived Quantity

Base quantity - quantity in a conventionally chosen subset of a given
system of quantities, where no subset quantity can be expressed in terms of
the others.

NOTE 1. The subset mentioned in the definition is termed the “set of base
quantities”.

EXAMPLE. The set of base quantities is the International System of
Quantities (ISQ).

Derived quantity - quantity, in a system of quantities, defined in terms of
the base quantities of that system.

EXAMPLE. In a system of quantities having the base quantities length and
mass, mass density is a derived quantity defined as the quotient of mass and
volume (length to the third power).

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

20. Basic definitions — ISQ & SI

International System of Quantities ISQ - system of quantities based on
the seven base quantities: length, mass, time, electric current,
thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity.
NOTE 1. This system of quantities is published in the ISO 80000 and IEC
80000 series Quantities and units.

NOTE 2. The International System of Units (SI) is based on the ISQ.

International System of Units SI - system of units, based on the
International System of Quantities, their names and symbols, including a
series of prefixes and their names and symbols, together with rules for their
use, adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures
(CGPM).

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

21. Basic definitions - Quantity value & Measurement

Quantity value (value of a quantity, value) - number and reference together
expressing magnitude of a quantity.

EXAMPLE 1. Length of a given rod: 5.34 m or 534 cm
EXAMPLE 2. Mass of a given body: 0.152 kg or 152 g
EXAMPLE 3. Celsius temperature of a given sample: 5 °C

Measurement - process of experimentally obtaining one or more
quantity values that can reasonably be attributed to a quantity.

Quantity Quantity value

Length 5.34m

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

22. Basic definitions - Metrology

Metrology - science of measurement and its application.
NOTE. Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of

measurement, whatever the measurement accuracy and field of
application.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

23. Basic definitions - Accuracy

Measurement accuracy (accuracy of measurement, accuracy) - closeness
of agreement between a measured quantity value and a true quantity value
of a measurand.

NOTE 1. The concept ‘measurement accuracy’ is not a quantity and is not
given a numerical quantity value. A measurement is said to be more
accurate when it offers a smaller measurement error.

NOTE 2. The term “measurement accuracy” should not be used for
measurement trueness and the term “measurement precision” should not be
used for ‘measurement accuracy’, which, however, is related to both

these concepts.

NOTE 3. “Measurement accuracy ” is sometimes understood as closeness
of agreement between measured quantity values that are being attributed to
the measurand.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

24. Basic definitions - Precision

Measurement precision (precision) - closeness of agreement between
indications or measured quantity values obtained by replicate measurements
on the same or similar objects under specified conditions.

NOTE 1. Measurement precision is usually expressed numerically by
measures of imprecision, such as standard deviation, variance, or coefficient
of variation under the specified conditions of measurement.

NOTE 2. The ‘specified conditions’ can be, for example, repeatability

conditions of measurement, intermediate precision conditions of
measurement, or reproducibility conditions of measurement.

NOTE 3. Measurement precision is used to define measurement
repeatability, intermediate measurement precision, and measurement
reproducibility.

NOTE 4. Sometimes “measurement precision” is erroneously used to mean
measurement accuracy.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

25. Basic definitions - Accuracy & Precision in Shooting

Low
accuracy

26. Basic definitions - Error

Measurement error (error of measurement, error) - measured quantity
value minus a reference quantity value.

A A e
Ax=x-Xx

NOTE 1. The concept of ‘measurement error’ can be used both
a) when there i ingle reference quantity value to refer to, which occurs if

a calibration is made by means of a measurement standard with a measured
quantity value having a negligible measurement uncertainty or if a
conventional quantity value is given, in which case the measurement

error is known, and

b) if a measurand is supposed to be represented by a unique true quantity
value or a set of true quantity values of negligible range, in which case the
measurement error is not known.

NOTE 2. Measurement error should not be confused with production error
or mistake.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawtowski 26

27. Basic definitions - Systematic error

Systematic error of measurement (systematic error) - component of
measurement error that in replicate measurements remains constant or
varies in a predictable manner.

NOTE 1. A reference quantity value for a systematic measurement error is a
true quantity value, or a measured quantity value of a measurement standard
of negligible measurement uncertainty, or a conventional quantity value.
NOTE 2. Systematic measurement error, and its causes, can be known or
unknown. A correction can be applied to compensate

for a known systematic measurement error.

NOTE 3 Systematic measurement error equals

measurement error minus random measurement error.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr in. Eligiusz Pawlowski

28. Basic definitions - Random error

Random measurement error (random error of measurement, random
error) - component of measurement error that in replicate measurements
varies in an unpredictable manner.

NOTE 1. A reference quantity value for a random measurement error is the
average that would ensue from an infinite number of replicate
measurements of the same measurand.

NOTE 2. Random measurement errors of a set of replicate measurements

form a distribution that can be summarized by its expectation, which is
generally assumed to be zero, and its variance.

NOTE 3. Random measurement error equals measurement error minus
systematic measurement error.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

29. Basic definitions - Random & Systematic error

Precision

Random
error

Systematic

MnEQ, Lecture 1

error \

Accuracy

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dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

30. Basic definitions - Uncertainty

Measurement uncertainty - non-negative parameter characterizing the
dispersion of the quantity values being attributed to a measurand, based on
the information used.

NOTE 1. The parameter may be, for example, a standard deviation called
standard measurement uncertainty (or a specified multiple of it), or the half-
width of an interval, having a stated coverage probability.

NOTE 2. Measurement uncertainty comprises, in general, many
components. Some of these may be evaluated by Type A evaluation of
measurement uncertainty from the statistical distribution of the quantity
values from series of measurements and can be characterized by

standard deviations. The other components, which may be evaluated by
Type B evaluation of measurement uncertainty, can also be characterized
by standard deviations, evaluated from probability density functions
based on experience or other information.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

31. Basic definitions - Type A & B Uncertainty

Type A evaluation of measurement uncertainty - evaluation of a component
of measurement uncertainty by a statistical analysis of measured quantity
values obtained under defined measurement conditions.

Type B evaluation of measurement - evaluation of a component of
measurement uncertainty determined by means other than a Type A
evaluation of measurement uncertainty.

EXAMPLES Evaluation based on information

— associated with authoritative published quantity values,

— associated with the quantity value of a certified reference material,
— obtained from a calibration certificate,

— about drift,

— obtained from the accuracy class of a verified measuring instrument,
— obtained from limits deduced through personal experience.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

32. Basic definitions - Measurement instrument & system

Measurement instrument - device used for making measurements, alone
or in conjunction with one or more supplementary devices.

NOTE 1. A measuring instrument that can be used alone is a measurement
system.

NOTE 2. A measuring instrument may be an indicating measuring
instrument or a material measure.

System - a set of interconnected elements constituted to achieve a given
objective by performing a specified function.

Measurement system - set of one or more measuring instruments and
often other devices, including any reagent and supply, assembled and
adapted to give information used to generate measured quantity values
within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds.

NOTE. A measurement system may consist of only one measurement
instrument.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

33. Basic definitions — Transducers, sensors & actuators

Transducers|- Devices used to transform one kind of energy to another.
Therefore it is an energy converter.

So, the transducer is a very general term.

Measurement transducer - device, used in measurement, that provides an
output quantity having a specified relation to the input quantity.

When a transducer converts a measurable quantity (sound pressure level,
optical intensity, magnetic field, etc) to an electrical voltage or an electrical
current we call it a|sensor.| We will see a few examples of sensors shortly.

When the transducer converts an electrical signal into another form of

energy, such as sound (which, incidentally, is a pressure field), light,
mechanical movement, it is called anjactuator.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

34. Classification of Transducers, sensors & actuators

Transducer (sensors & actuators ) can be classified according
to their application, based primarily on the physical quantity,
property, or condition that is measured.

The transducer can be categories into:

Passive transducer:

- requires an external power

- output is a measure of some variation, such resistance and
capacitance, e.g. : platinum resistance thermometer.

Active (self generating) transducer:

- not require an external power, and they produce analog
voltage or current when stimulated by some physical form of
energy, e.g. : thermocouple.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

35. An example of an active sensor - thermocouple

Active temperature sensor| (thermocouple) - converts the
input quantity (temperature) into an electrical output quantity
(voltage), according to an unambiguous, repeatable and known
functional relationship:

Vou ATi)

Y
Ebo-—

|

INPUT OUTPUT

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

36. Basic definitions - sensor & detector

Sensor|- element of a measurement system that is directly affected by a
phenomenon, body, or substance carrying a quantity to be measured.
EXAMPLES. Sensing coil of a platinum resistance thermometer, rotor of a
turbine flow meter, Bourdon tube of a pressure gauge, float of a level-
measuring instrument, photocell of a spectrometer, thermotropic liquid
crystal which changes colour as a function of temperature.

NOTE. In some fields, the term “detector” is used for this concept.

Detector|- device or substance that indicates the presence of a phenomenon,
body, or substance when a threshold value of an associated quantity is
exceeded.

EXAMPLES. Carbon monoxide detector.

NOTE 1. In some fields, the term “detector” is used for the concept of
sensor.

NOTE 2. In chemistry, the term “indicator” is frequently used for this
concept.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

37. Examples of à. - Carbon monoxide and methane detector

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Pawlowski

38. Basic definitions - Measurement chain

Measurement chain - series of elements of a measuring system
constituting a single path of the signal from a sensor to an output element.

EXAMPLE 1. Electro-acoustic measurement chain comprising a
microphone, attenuator, filter, amplifier, and voltmeter.

EXAMPLE 2. Mechanical measuring chain comprising a Bourdon tube,
system of levers, two gears, and a mechanical dial.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

39. Basic definitions - Measurement range

Measuring interval (working interval) - set of values of quantities of the
same kind that can be measured by a given measuring instrument or
measuring system with specified instrumental measurement uncertainty,
under defined conditions.

NOTE | In some fields, the term is “measuring range” or “measurement
range”.

NOTE 2 The lower limit of a measuring interval should not be confused
with detection limit.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

40. Basic definitions - Sensitivity

Sensitivity of a measuring system (sensitivity) - quotient of the change in
an indication Ay of a measuring system and the corresponding change in a
value of a quantity being measured Ax.

NOTE 1 Sensitivity of a measuring system can depend on the value of the
quantity being measured.
NOTE 2 The change considered in a value of a quantity being measured
must be large compared with the resolution.

s-.y=fW Fe Y

Input quantity Output quantity

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

41. Typical structure of a Measurement System

Measured Measurement

quantity result

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

42. Summary

1. Quantity is a property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, that can be
expressed as a number and a reference.

2. Most quantities to be measured are non-elect
3. Electrical quantities can be easily measured.

4. When measuring non-electrical quantities, they must first be converted to
electrical quantities.

5. Transducer transforms one kind of energy into another.

6. A sensor converts a measurable quantity to an electrical quantity.

7. An actuator converts an electrical signal into another form of energy.
8. The transducer (sensor) can be passive or active.

9. A passive sensor requires external power.

10. An active (self-generating) sensor does not require external power.

MnEQ, Lecture 1 dr inz. Eligiusz Pawlowski

43. THANK YOU

FOR YOUR ATTENTION