E1 To Stm

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1. Formation/basics of E1
Basics of PDH
Basics of SDH
Formation of STM

2. Voice
Coded in 8
bits/sample
A/D
Clock
8000 Hz
(8000 samples)X(8bit/sample)
=64,000bps
32 Channels each
64 Kbps
E1 (TS0 to TS31)
Primary unit of PDH
i.e. E1
PDH is almost synchronous.
It is simply Multiplexing of E1`s.
Sampling, Quantizing & Encoding (i.e. PCM) of Analog voice channels
produces 64Kbps channel.
32 such channels multiplexed to produce E1 (the basic unit of PDH)

3. Formation of E2, E3…
As basic unit of PDH is E1
E1=32X64Kbps = 2.048Mbps
E2=4E1=8.44Mbps
E3=4E2=16E1=34.368Mbps
E4=4E3=140Mbps
Disadvantages of PDH System:
Not fully synchronous.
Complex hardware
Back to back multiplexing
Less bandwidth
More hardware cost
If we want to get E1 from E4 ,we have to demultiplex it by going back
step by step. i.e.1
st
E4 is broken into E3, then E3 to E2 & so on, thus
form a complex hardware.

4. TS0: Frame synchronization & Alarms
TS16: Signaling & Alarms
TS1 to TS15 & TS17 to TS31 : For Data
T
S
0
T
S
1
T
S
2
T
S
1
6
T
S
2
9
T
S
3
0
T
S
3
1
E1
Concentrated E1: 2.5 TS for 1 TRx
Un-concentrated E1: 3TS for 1 TRx
Hybrid E1: 2TS for 1 TRx

5. E1
2.048 Mbps
Justificat
ion bit
C12
2.224Mbps
Low path
overhead
VC12
2.240Mbps
Pointer
TU12
2.304Mbps
X 3=
TUG 2
6.972Mbps (i.e. 3 E1)
(TUG2)X( 7)
+ (Pointer)
TUG 3
49.536Mbps (i.e. 21 E1)
(TUG3)X
(3)+(High order
POH)+( Stuffing)
VC 4
150.336Mbps (i.e. 63 E1)
SOH +
Pointer
STM
1, 155.5Mbps
Journey from E1 to STM 1

6. E1
2.048 Mbps
Justificat
ion bit
C12
2.224Mbps
Low path
overhead
VC12
2.240Mbps
Pointer
TU12
2.304Mbps
TU12(Tributary Unit)X 3=
TUG 2
6.972Mbps (i.e. 3 E1)
(TUG2)X( 7)
+ (Pointer)
TUG 3
49.536Mbps (i.e. 21 E1)
(TUG3)X
(3)+(High order
POH)+( Stuffing)
VC 4
150.336Mbps (i.e. 63 E1)
SOH +
Pointer
STM
1, 155.5Mbps
Journey from E1 to STM 1

7. Key features
It is fully synchronous.
It can carry circuit switched or Packet Switched both.
All network element use same clock.
Tributary can mapped or extracted directly from pointers.
Different transmission rates in STM
STM1: 155Mbps
STM4: 622Mbps
STM16: 2.48Gbps
STM64: 10Gbps

8. PDH: All 17 E1
SDH: All 63 E1
1.1.1 1.2.1 1.3.1 1.4.1 2
1.1.2 1.2.2 1.3.2 1.4.2
1.1.3 1.2.3 1.3.3 1.4.3
1.1.4 1.2.4 1.3.4 1.4.4
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3
1.7.1
1.7.2
1.7.3
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.7.3

9. Prepared by:
Krishna Mohan
Fill free to contact
[email protected]