Ear

msn ii ent

1. MEDICAL-SURGICAL –II EAR DEFORMITIES BY MANOJ KUMARI ASSOCIATE PROFESSIOR (MSN)

2. OVERVEIW Abnormal development or deformities of the ear anatomy can cause a range of complications, from cosmetic issues to hearing and development problems. • An estimated 6 to 45 percent of children are born with some sort of congenital ear deformity.

3. Some ear deformities are temporary. If the deformity was caused by abnormal positioning in the uterus or during birth, it may resolve as the child grows ,. • Other ear deformities will need medical intervention – either nonsurgical or surgical – to correct the ear anomaly.

4. ETIOLOGY OF EAR DEFORMITIES • The causes of ear deformities are varied. Most ear deformities are congenital, meaning they are present from birth. In rare cases, children develop ear deformities from trauma or disease •In some children, an ear deformity is a symptom of a genetic disorder that can affect multiple body systems, such as Goldenhar syndrome and CHARGE syndrome. • Ear deformities can be inherited or caused by genetic mutations

5. TYPES OF EAR DEFORMITIES There are several varieties of congenital ear deformities, including: • Protruding ears: (also called prominent ears): Ears that, regardless of size, stick out more than 2 cm from the side of the head constricted ears ( Lop ear) : A variety of ear deformities where the helical rim is either folded over (also called lop ear), wrinkled, or tight

6. CONSTRICTED EARS ( LOP EAR) • A constricted ear is present when the ear does not have normal size and is missing some of the normal features of the ear. • The ear appears smaller than normal and often there is a folding forward and downward of the upper portion of the ear. This can range from mild to severe

7. CRYPTOTIA Cryptotia is a congenital ear deformity in which the upper pole appears buried beneath the mastoid skin . • Ear cartilage framework that is partially buried beneath the skin on the side of the head

8. MICROTIA UNDER DEVELOPED EXTERNAL EAR • Microtia occurs more commonly in males and on the right side (unilateral). Approximately 10% may occur on both sides (bilateral)

9. Although causes of microtia and other ear deformities are difficult to define, some theories include a decreased blood supply to the developing ear in- utero . • Others have theorized certain medication taken by the mother during pregnancy such as Accutane , Thalidomide and retinoic acid. Environmental factors have also been questioned

10. ANOTIA Total absence of the ear • Anotia is characterized by total absence of the ear, and it is exceptionally rare. This condition can affect one or both ears, though it is more common to only have one missing ea

11. The cause of anotia is unknown. Up to 40 percent of patients may have an associated syndrome such as Treacher Collins or Goldenhar syndrome . ANOTIA Some recent findings suggest that women who have diabetes before they become pregnant and those with a diet lower in carbohydrates and folic acid during pregnancy may be at an increased risk of having a baby with anotia or microtia (underdeveloped external ears).

12. TREATMENT • Anotia is best treated by a multidisciplinary team of specialists who are experienced in treating this condition. This may include a plastic surgeon for external ear reconstruction, an otolaryngologist for inner ear and hearing treatment , and a speech pathologist for speech treatment .

13. TRAUMATIC EAR DEFORMITIES Lacerations , tears and bite injuries. • Split earlobes : Occur gradually due to large or heavy earrings • Cauliflower ear : Abnormal cartilage forms on top of the normal cartilage, resulting in bulky misshapen ears.

14. EAR KELOIDS Caused by excessive scar tissue formation after minor trauma, most commonly after ear piercing • Ear hemangiomas : Most common benign tumor of infancy, can occur anywhere on the body, including the external ear and the salivary gland in front of the ear.