Earth and Life Science W1-2 powerpoint presentation

Powerpoint presentation for Earth and life

1. Earth and Life Science

2. Universe and the Solar System

3. Objectives: State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe. Describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the solar system.

4. Where does the Universe come from?

5. Magic Dust Huge Explosion Atomic Particles

6. THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

7. Beliefs According to Religion Greek Philosophers (5 th – 3 rd Century B.C.E) Modern Philosophers

8. Beliefs According to Religion Christians Hindus

9. Beliefs According to Religion Christians – They believed that God separated light from darkness, created sky, land, sea, moon, stars, and every living creature in a span of six days. –A narrative from Genesis (Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament).

10. Beliefs According to Religion: Christians 1 st day 2 nd day 3 rd day 4 th day 5 th day 6 th day

11. Beliefs According to Religion: Christians 1st day – light was created 2nd day – the sky was created 3rd day – dry land, seas, plants, and trees were created 4th day – the Sun, Moon, and stars were created 5th day – creatures that live in the sea and creatures that fly were created 6th day – animals that live on the land and finally humans, made in the image of God were created 7th day – God finished his work of creation and rested, making the seventh day a special holy day.

12. Beliefs According to Religion Hindus – Rigveda (collection of Vedas), describes the universe as a “cosmic egg” or BRAMANDA. Meaning it contains the whole universe including the sun, moon, planets, and space. Bindu is the concentrated point that expands and eventually collapses again.

13. Greek Philosophers (5 th – 3 rd Century B.C.E) Anaxagoras Leucippus and Democritus Stoic Philosophers

14. Greek Philosophers (5 th – 3 rd Century B.C.E) Anaxagoras – “primordial universe” –According to him, the universe is made up of a different mixture of all ingredients in a small fragment. –Mixture was set in motion called “nous” or mind. –This whirling motion shifted and separated the ingredients into a cosmos of separate material objects.

15. Greek Philosophers (5 th – 3 rd Century B.C.E) Leucippus and Democritus “ atomic universe ” They stated that universe is composed of very small, indivisible and indestructible atoms.

16. Greek Philosophers (5 th – 3 rd Century B.C.E) Stoic Philosophers of Ancient Greece Universe is like a giant living body, with sun and the stars as the most important parts to which all the other parts are interconnected.

17. Modern Philosophers Rene Descartes Isaac Newton Albert Einstein Edwin Hubble Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson George Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaitre Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold and Herman Bondi Andrei Linde

18. Modern Philosophers Rene Descartes – The vacuum of space was not empty at allbut was filled with matter that swirled – His model involved a system of huge swirling whirlpools of fine matter producing what would later be called gravitational effect .

19. Modern Philosophers Isaac Newton – Described the universe as a static, steady-state infinite universe. (Principia book) – Matter on a large scale is uniformly distributed and the universe is gravitationally balanced but essentially unstable.

20. Modern Philosophers Albert Einstein – Explained the universe through his theory of relativity which has the same thought as Isaac Newton. – Added a cosmological constant to his general theory of relativity equations to counteract the dynamical effects of gravity, which will cause the universe to collapse.

21. Modern Philosophers Edwin Hubble – 1929, showed that the universe was not static through his telescope.

22. Modern Philosophers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson – 1965, discovered the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. – The Big Bang Theory has been the mainstream scientific view.

23. Modern Philosophers George Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaitre – Big Bang Theory (1927) – Theory describes the universe as originating from an infinitely tiny, infinitely dense point of singularity between 13 – 14 billion years ago. The oscillating universe followed the general theory of relativity equations of the universe with positive curvature. This curvature results in the universe expanding for a time and then contracting due to the pull of its gravity in a perpetual cycle of the Big Bang followed, in time, by the big crunch.

24. Modern Philosophers Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Herman Bondi – Steady State Theory – predicted a universe that expanded but did not change its density.

25. Modern Philosophers Andrei Linde – developed inflationary universe with his chaotic inflation theory in 1983. – states that our universe is just one of many “ bubbles ” that grew as part of a multiverse.

26. Recognize the uniqueness of Earth being the only planet in the solar system with properties necessary to support life. Explain that the Earth consist of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow. Identify the layers of the Earth (crust, mantle, and core). Objectives

27. (the four remaining gas giants),are mainly com a posed of gases. Therefore, there is no land where organisms can live. THE JOVIAN PLANETS

28. Earth and earth’s subsystems

29. Earth Earth is the only planet in the solar system that can sustain life due to its characteristics.

30. Characteristics of Earth to Sustain Life. Presence of water allowed first photosynthetic organisms to thrive. Sun provides heat from radiation, needed by plants to carry on with photosynthesis. Component of the Atmosphere consists different types of gases to support life.

31. Earth’s subsystems Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere Geosphere

32. Hydrosphere the totality of Earth’s water About 78% of the Earth is covered with liquid water and much of it is in the form of ocean water. Only 3% of Earth’s water is fresh: 2/3 are in the form of ice, and the remaining 1/3 is present in streams, lakes, and groundwater. The oceans are important sinks for carbon dioxide through

33. Evaporation : Sunlight heats water bodies like oceans, lakes, and rivers, causing water molecules to gain energy and turn into water vapor. This vapor rises into the atmosphere Condensation : As water vapor rises and cools at higher altitudes, it turns back into tiny water droplets. These droplets combine to form clouds. Precipitation : When the air in the clouds becomes saturated or too cool to hold the water droplets, they cluster together and fall to the Earth’s surface as precipitation. This can take the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Deposition/Collection is the last stage of the water cycle. After precipitation, when evaporated water droplets fall back on the earth’s surface in form of rain, snow etc.  It may deposit in various water bodies, including lakes, rivers, oceans, ponds or in lands which turn into groundwater.

34. atmosphere The atmosphere is the thin gaseous layer that envelopes the geosphere. The present atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and small amount of other gases. One of the most important processes by which the heat on the Earth’s surface is redistributed is through atmospheric circulation (Convection) . There is also constant exchange of heat and moisture between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere through the hydrologic cycle or the water cycle.

35. atmosphere A layer of gas and suspended solids extending from the Earth's surface up many thousands of miles, becoming increasingly thinner with distance but always held by the Earth's gravitational pull.

36. Exosphere: is the outermost layer of the atmosphere. It extends about 10,000 KM above the earth. In this layer, atoms and molecules escape into space and satellites orbit the earth. Thermosphere : deals with intense amounts of heat and radiation from the sun Mesosphere: is the coldest region of Earth's atmosphere, close to -100°C. It's the layer of the atmosphere where meteors burn up into small fragments of dust. Stratosphere: composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen. It also consists of a layer known as the ozone layer, a blanket of ozone that absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun Troposphere the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere in direct contact with the Earth's surface

37. biosphere The biosphere is the set of all life forms on Earth. It includes all of the microbes, plants, and animals that can be found 1 km above sea level down to the deepest parts of the oceans. It extends to any place where life of any kind might exist. For the majority of life on Earth, the base of food chain comprises photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is withdrawn from the atmosphere, while oxygen is released as a byproduct.

38. Biosphere: the flow of matter Nitrogen Cycle Oxygen Cycle Carbon Cycle Water Cycle

39. Nitrogen Cycle T he series of the process by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms.

40. Nitrogen Cycle

41. Carbon and Oxygen cycle Carbon Cycle C arbon dioxide is fixed by photosynthetic organisms to form organic nutrients and is ultimately restored to the inorganic state (as by respiration, protoplasmic decay, or combustion). Oxygen Cycle A tmospheric oxygen is converted to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in animal respiration and regenerated by green plants in photosynthesis.

42. Carbon and Oxygen cycle

43. Water cycle C ontinuous process by which water is circulated through the Earth.

44. geosphere refers to the solid Earth. The geosphere includes the rocks and minerals on Earth The geosphere also includes the abiotic (non-living) parts of soils, and the skeletons of animals that may become fossilized over geologic time.

45. Layers of the Earth Crust Mantle Core

46. Layers of the Earth: crust O utermost layer of the Earth. (Oceanic crust) relatively thin part which underlies the ocean basins. (Continental crust) relatively thick part that forms the large landmasses

47. Layers of the Earth: mantle L ongest part of Earth (2900 km.) made up of molten rocks called magma Lower (hot and exhibits plasticity) Upper (relatively rigid)

48. Layers of the Earth: core Composed of dense metals like Iron and Nickel The inner core (6000°C) (1250 km.) Outer core (4000 – 5000°C) (2300 km.)

49. Structure of the earth

50. END of topic