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earth processess

1. Earth and Life Science
11th Grade
Week 4

2. ROCKS AND
MINERALS ARE ALL
AROUND US!
In this section, we will discuss Earth materials
and processes, and it is important that we first gain basic
understanding on the materials that make up the Earth’s
surface. The rocks and minerals that makes up the Earth
serves a great purpose as they can be utilized as raw
materials in industrial constructions, electronic devices,
home appliance, and can even be molded into jewelry.

3. MINERALS
01

4. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. Minerals can be described
as:
1.Inorganic-formed by natural geologic process
2.Naturally occurring
3.solids-crystalline, substance that are solid at temperature at
Earth’s surface
4.Atoms have the same crystalline pattern arranged in an orderly
repetitive manner
5.With specific chemical composition
6.Can be represented by a chemical formula
Minerology-is the study of minerals
Minerals

5. Physical
Properties
of Minerals

6. mineral’scolor
may change
dependingonthe
traceelements
and compound
present
1. Color

7. theappearance
ofamineral
surfaceinterms
ofitslight-
reflectivequalities
2. Luster

8. colorofmineralinpowdered
form.
Streak PlateMethod-
processofidentifyinga
mineral’sstreakbyrubbinghe
mineralagainstaceramic
streakplateorotherpieceof
unglazedceramic.
3. Streak
rhodochrosite
pyrite

9. Howmineralsappear
whenbroken
Cleavage-breakingof
mineralswhichappear
smoothly
Fracture-breakingina
moreorlessrandom
pattern
4. Cleavage &
Fracture

11. How minerals
resistance to
scratching or
beingcut
5. Hardness

12. MOH’S HARDNESS SCALE
HardnessMineralObservationsHardnessMineralObservations
1 Talc Very soft 6 OrthoclaseHard
2 Gypsum Very soft 7 Quartz Hard
3 Calcite Soft 8 Topaz Very hard
4 Fluorite Soft 9 CorundumVery hard
5 Apatite Soft 10 Diamond Very hard

13. A.Transparent-Allows
alllighttopassthroughit
B.Translucent-
Transmitslightbutno
objectcanbeseen
throughit
C.Opaque-Nolightcan
passthrough
6. Diaphaneity
calcite
gold

14. The“heaviness”ofa
mineral.Itisdefinedas
anumberthatexpresses
theratiobetweenthe
weightofamineraland
theweightofanequal
volumeofwateror
density.
7. Specific Gravity

15. Chemical
Properties
of Minerals

16. 1. Crystalline structure
referstotheorderlyarrangementofatomsthatgive
themasolidstructure.

17. Indicatesability
ofthemineraltoattract
or repel other
materials.
Magnetite or
lodestone is a natural
magnet.
2. Magnetism

18. ROCK
S
02

19. Rocks
are any naturally occurring solid mass or
aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It
is categorized by the minerals included, its
chemical composition and the way in which it
is formed.

20. Physical Properties of Rocks
HardnessColor
Texture Luster

21. Classifications of
Rocks

22. 1. Igneous
Rock
areformedby
thecoolingand
crystallizationofhot
moltenrockcalled
magma.
Ex.Granite,rhyolite,
basalt,gabbro

23. Igneous rock are classified as
Extrusive rocks
formed on the surface
-Fine grained
Intrusive rocks
formed beneath the surface
-Coarse grained

24. Igneous rock are classified as

25. 2. Sedimentary
Rocks
Sediments
-Referstothematerials
thatsettleoutoftheair
orwater.
-Common sedimentary
rocksincludesandstone,
limestone,andshale

26. Classification of sedimentary rocks
A. Fragmental sedimentary rocks / Clastic rocks
Fragments of rocks that are carried away from their sources by
water, wind and are deposited or cemented together forming
layers after layers

27. Classification of sedimentary rocks
B. Chemical Sedimentary rocks
Formed from materials that precipitate , or solidify, from a
solution in water
Ex. Halite

28. Classification of sedimentary rocks
C. Organic Sedimentary Rocks
Formed from organic sediments that are remains of living
organisms like shells and plants.
Ex. Limestone

29. 3. Metamorphic
Rocks
Metamorphic means –
“changeinform”
-Itoriginatesaseither
igneousorsedimentaryrock
w/chaschangeintextureor
mineralcompositiondueto
temperaturechange

30. Classification of metamorphic rocks
A. Foliated or banded Rocks
Foliated rocks develop
a platy or sheet-like
structure that reflects
the direction that
pressure was applied
in. It have aligned
mineral crystals.

31. Classification of metamorphic rocks
B. Non foliated Rocks
Non-foliated
metamorphic rocks
do not have aligned
mineral crystals

32. ROCK
CYCLE
03

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