Earthquake disaster management

Earthquake disaster management

1. EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MANAGEMENT Dr Fayaz A. Malla Assistant Professor, Environmental Sciences GDC Pulwama Higher Education Department, Govt. of J&K Email: [email protected]

2. Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural hazards which often turn into disaster causing widespread destruction and loss to human life. The effects of earthquake vary upon the magnitude and intensity. Earthquakes occur every now and then all round the world, except in some places where earthquakes occur rarely. The devastation of cities and towns is one of the effects of earthquake. Introduction

3. WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE ? An Earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. The seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

4. For example : If you th r ow stone i n a pond of s ti l l w a te r ,series of waves sur face are produced on the of wate r , these waves spread out in all directions from the point where the stone strikes the water. Similarly, any sudden disturbances in the earth’s crust may produce vibration in the crust which travel in all direction from point of disturbances.

5. Focus(Hypocenter): Focus i s t h e poi n t on the fau l t where rup t ure loc a t i on f r om o c cu r s and t h e which se i s m ic waves are released. Epicenter: Epicenter is the point on the earth’s surface that is directly above the focus ,the point where an earthquake or underground explosion originates. Terms Related To Earthquake

6. Intensity : The severity of earthquake shaking  is  assessed using a descriptive scale – the Modified Mercalli   Intensity  Scale.  Magnitude : Earthquake size  is  a quantitative measure of the size of the earthquake at its source. The Richter  Magnitude  Scale measures the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake. Earthquake Intensity and Magnitude

7. Fault Line: A Fault line is the surface trace of a fault, the line of intersection between the earth’s surface. Fault plane: Fault plane are the cracks or sudden slips of the land . Fault Scrap: A Fault scrap is the topographic expression of faulting attributed to the displacement of the land surface by movement along faults.

8. The primary cause of an earthquake is faults on the crust of the earth. of an “A Fault is a break or fracture b/w two blocks of rocks in response to stress.” This movement may occur rapidly, in the form earthquake or may occur slowly, in the form of creep. Earth scientists use the angle of the fault with respect to the surface (known as the dip) and the direction of slip along the fault to classify faults. How Earthquake Occur ?

9. Normal fault : a dip-slip fault in which the block above the fault has moved downward relative to the block below. Thrust (reverse)fault: a dip-slip fault in which the upper block, above the fault plane, moves up and over the lower block. Classification Of Faults

10. Strike-slip fault: A left-lateral strike-slip fault : It is one on which the displacement of the far block is to the left when viewed from either side. A right-lateral strike-slip fault: It is one on which the displacement of the far block is to the right when viewed from either side.

11. Some major causes of earthquakes are: Surface causes Volcanic causes Tectonic causes Causes of Earthquake

12. Volcanic cause: er u p t i ons pr o duce Earthq u a k es m ay a c company a n d follow volcanic Volcanic earthq u ake s . precede, frequently eruptions. They are caused b y sudden displa c e m ents of lava wit h in or beneath the earth crust. Surface cause : Great explosions, landslides, slips on steep coasts, dashing of sea waves , avalanches , railway trains, heavy trucks, some large engineering projects cause minor tremors. some of them are man made, other are natural.

13. Tectonic cause: Structural disturbances resulting in the parts of the lithosphere is the main cause of this type of earthquake. Most of the disastrous earthquakes belong to this category and occur in areas of great faults and fractures. Sudden yielding to strain produced on the rocks of accumulating stress causes displacements especially along old fault zones known as great transform faults.

14. Seismic waves produced due to earthquake are basically divided into two major types: Body waves Surface waves Waves produced due to Earthquake

15. Body waves: Body waves travels through the interior(body) of earth as they leave the focus. Body waves are further divided into following types: Primary (P) waves Secondary(S) waves

16. Secondary Waves(S-wave) High frequency Short Wavelength Transverse waves Can not move through liquids Move i n all di r ec t i o n from their source S-wave is more slower than P-wave After P-wave,S-wave is arrive Properties Primary Waves (P-waves) High frequency Short Wavelength Longitudinal waves Pass trough both solids and liquids Move forwards and backwards as it compressed and decompressed P-wave is faster First P-wave arrive

17. Surface Wave: Surface waves travels parallel to the earth’s surface and these waves are slowest and most damaging. Surface wave are divided into following types: Love waves Rayleigh waves

18. Rayleigh wave Guided waves Displacement is perpendicular to love-wave displacement Rayleigh wave is slower Ground move in circular motion. Love Waves Guided waves Displacement is parallel to the free surface Love wave is faster Causes horizontal shifting of the earth surface. Properties

19. The intensity and strength of an earthquake is measured on Richter scale,the scale invented by Charles Richter California ,USA in 1935 , which categories earthquake on the basis of energy released. Definition: “the logarithm to base ten of the maximum seismic-wave amplitude recorded on a standard seismograph at a distance of 100 kilometres from the earthquake epicentre.” Scientists measure the strength of earthquakes using machines known as seismographs. Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth. St r ength Of Earth q uake

20. The earthquake zoning map of India divides India into 4 seismic zones Based on the observations of the affected area due to Earthquake India divided into four types of zones: O Zone - II: This is said to be the least active seismic zone. O Zone - III: It is included in the moderate seismic zone. O Zone - IV: This is considered to be the high seismic zone. O Zone - V: It is the highest seismic zone.

21. WORLD MAP VIEW OF TECHTONIC PLATES

22. India Earthquake Zone Map

23. Earthquake prediction is usually defined as the specification of the time , location , and magnitude of a future earthquake within stated limits. But some evidence of upcoming Earthquake are following: Unusual animal behavior Water level in wells Large scale of fluctuation of oil flow from oil wells Foreshocks or minor shocks before major earthquake Temperature change Uplifting of earth surface Change in seismic wave velocity

24. Loss of life and property Damage to transport system i.e. roads, railways, highways, airports, marine Damage to infrastructure. Chances of Floods – Develop cracks in Dams

25. Chances of fire short-circuit. Communications such as telephone wires are damaged . Water pipes, sewers are disrupted Economic activities like agriculture, industry, trade and transport are severely affected .

26. La n dslid e s Ground rapture

27. Ex c essi v e Shaking Soil liquefaction

28. Floods Fi r e

29. If you are in house; Don’t use lift for getting down from building. Be prepared to move with your family. I f you are in shop ,school or office; Run for an exit or Take cover under a disk/table. Move away from window glass. Do not go near electric point and cable. Keep away from weak portion of the building and false ceiling. Earthquake Safety Rules

30. If you are outside; Avoid high buildings , walls , power lines and other objects that could fall and create block. Don’t run through streets. If possi ble , m ove on t o an op e n ar e a away fr o m hazard including trees. If you are in vehicle; Stop in a safe open place. Remain inside vehicle. Close window , doors and vents. Earthquake Safety Rules

31. Ke e p ca l m , s w it c h o n t h e tr a n s i s t o r r ad i o a n d o be y instructions. Keep away from beaches and low banks of river. A huge wave may sweep in Do not re enter badly damaged buildings and do not go near damage structures. Turn off the water, gas and electricity. Do not smoke, light match or use a cigarette lighter Do not turn on switches there may be gas leak or short circuit If there is any fire, try to put it out or call fire brigade. After An Earthquake

32. without h a ving D o not drink water from open cont a ine r s examined it. If you aware of people have been buried, tell the rescue team. Do not rush and try not to worsen the situation. A void plac e s where there are loose ele c tric w i res and do not come in contact with any metal object. Eat so m eth i ng. Y ou w ill bet t er a n d m ore ca p able of helping other. Do not walk around the streets to see what is happening. Keep the streets clear so rescue vehicles can access the roads easily. After An Earthquake

33. Date Place Scale Damage April 25,2015 Kathmandu,Nepal 7.9 Massive devastation leads to death of more than 6000 people Sept 2, 1993 Latur (maharashtra) 6.3 Large areas of Maharashtra rocked. 10,000 people lost lives. May 22, 1997 Jabalpur (Mah a r ash t r a) 6.0 40 person killed and over 100 injured. March 29, 1999 Nandprayag 6.8 widespread destruction in chamoli , rudraprayag and other areas. Massive loss of human life. Jan. 26, 2001 Bhuj (gujrat) 7.8 Tremors left by India and its neighboring countries. Over 1 lakh people killed. Huge loss to property and infrastructure. Oct. 8, 2005 Muzzaffarabad in Pakistan occupied Kashmir 7.4 Heavy damage to life and property. Death toll about one lakh in Pakistan and nearly 2000 in India. History of Earthquakes

34. SEISMIC ACTIVITY IN INDIA 180 AD- 2004

35. DO'S & DON'TS What to Do Before an Earthquake? Repair deep plaster cracks in ceilings and foundations. Get expert advice if there are signs of structural defects. Anchor overhead lighting fixtures to the ceiling . Follow BIS codes relevant to your area for building standards Fasten shelves securely to walls. Place large or heavy objects on lower shelves. Store breakable items such as bottled foods, glass, and china in low, closed cabinets with latches . Hang heavy items such as pictures and mirrors away from beds, settees, and anywhere that people sit. Brace overhead light and fan fixtures. Repair defective electrical wiring and leaky gas connections. These are potential fire

36. DO AND DON’TS Secure water heaters, LPG cylinders etc., by strapping them to the walls or bolting to the floor. Store weed killers, pesticides, and flammable products securely in closed cabinets with latches and on bottom shelves. Identify safe places indoors and outdoors . Under strong dining table, bed Against an inside wall Away from where glass could shatter around windows, mirrors, pictures, or where heavy bookcases or other heavy furniture could fall over In the open, away from buildings, trees, telephone and electrical lines, flyovers and bridges Know emergency telephone numbers (such as those of doctors, hospitals , the police, etc) Educate yourself and family members

37. HAVE A DISASTER EMERGENCY KIT READY Battery operated torch with extra batteries Battery operated radio First aid kit and manual Emergency food (dry items) and water (packed and sealed) Candles and matches in a waterproof container Knife Chlorine tablets or powdered water purifiers Can opener. Essential medicines Cash and credit cards Thick ropes and cords Sturdy shoes

38. DEVELOP AN EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION PLAN In case family members are separated from one another during an earthquake (a real possibility during the day when adults are at work and children are at school), develop a plan for reuniting after the disaster . Ask an out-of-state relative or friend to serve as the 'family contact' after the disaster; it is often easier to call long distance. Make sure everyone in the family knows the name, address, and phone number of the contact person.

39. COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS Publish a special section in your local newspaper with emergency information on earthquakes. Localize the information by printing the phone numbers of local emergency services offices and hospitals. Conduct week-long series on locating hazards in the home. Work with local emergency services and officials to prepare special reports for people with mobility impairment on what to do during an earthquake. Provide tips on conducting earthquake drills in the home. Interview representatives of the gas, electric, and water companies about shutting off utilities. Work together in your community to apply your knowledge to building codes, retrofitting programmes, hazard hunts, and neighborhood and family emergency plans.

40. DURING AN EARTH Q UAK E DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or other piece of furniture; and HOLD ON until the shaking stops. If there is no a table or desk near you, cover your face and head with your arms and crouch in an inside corner of the building. Protect yourself by staying under the lintel of an inner door, in the corner of a room, under a table or even under a bed. Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that could fall, (such as lighting fixtures or furniture). Stay in bed if you are there when the earthquake strikes. Hold on and protect your head with a pillow, unless you are under a heavy light fixture that could fall. In that case, move to the nearest safe place. Use a doorway for shelter only if it is in close proximity to you and if you know it is a strongly supported, load bearing doorway. Stay inside until the shaking stops and it is safe to go outside. Research has shown that most injuries occur when people inside buildings attempt to move to a different

41. If outdoors Do not move from where you are. However, move away from buildings, trees, streetlights, and utility wires. If you are in open space, stay there until the shaking stops. The greatest danger exists directly outside buildings; at exits; and alongside exterior walls. Most earthquake-related casualties result from collapsing walls, flying glass, and falling objects. If in a moving vehicle Stop as quickly as safety permits and stay in the vehicle. Avoid stopping near or under buildings, trees, overpasses, and utility wires. Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped. Avoid roads , bridges, or ramps that might have been damaged by the earthquake. If trapped under debris Do not light a match. Do not move about or kick up dust. Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or clothing. Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can locate you. Use a whistle if one is available. Shout only as a last resort. Shouting can cause you to inhale dangerous amounts of dust.

42. AVOID THINGS THAT CAN FALL

43. FACE AWAY FROM WINDOWS

44. GOVERNMENT POLICIES The Six Pillars for Earthquake Management in India

45. Thank you …..