Earthquake Science Earth Science Education Presentation Warm Icon Style (1).pdf

earthquake and its causes consequences and measures

1. JOURNEY INTO
EARTHQUAKE
SCIENCE

2. TEAM 5
2021BCIV009 (UBAID)
2021BCIV013 (HUMZAH)
2021BCIV015 (SUHAIL)
2021BCIV018 (MUJTABA)
2021BCIV019 (AMAAN)
2021BCIV021 (ADNAN)
2021BCIV109 (ZISHAN)
2021BCIV120 (SOURABH)
2021BCIV122 (SANJAY)
2021BCIV144 (AHSAN)
2021BCIV151 (KUMAIL)

3. EARTHQUAKE AND TYPES
CONTENTS
EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARIES
EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS
EARTHQUAKE WARNING SYSTEMS
HISTORICAL EARTQUAKES
PROBABLISTIC SEISMIC HAZZARD
ANALYSIS (PSHA)
TRADITIONAL EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT STRUCTURES IN KASHMIR
RESPONSE TO EARTHQUAKE
CODAL PROVISIONS FOR SEISMIC
ANALYSIS
SEISMIC WAVES , THEIR DETECTION

4. What is an Earthquake?
An earthquake – also called a quake, tremor, or
temblor – is the shaking of the Earth's surface
resulting from a sudden release of energy in the
lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
Earthquakes can range in intensity, from those so weak
they cannot be felt, to those violent enough to propel
objects and people into the air, damage critical
infrastructure, and wreak destruction across entire
cities.

5. types of earthquakes
TECTONIC
EARTHQUAKES
01 03 0402
VOLCANIC
EARTHQUAKES
COLLAPSE
EARTHQUAKES
EXPLOSION
EARTHQUAKES

6. TECTONIC EARTHQUAKES
CAUSES:
OCCUR WHEN TECTONIC PLATES MOVE.
CAN HAPPEN WHEN TWO PLATES COLLIDE, ONE
PLATE SLIDES UNDERNEATH OTHER , OR WHEN
A PLATE IS FORCED TO MOVE BY MOVEMENT
OF MANTLE.
EFFECTS:
INCREDIBLY POWERFUL AND CAN CAUSE
EXTENSIVE DAMAGE
CAN ALSO TRIGGER OTHER DISASTERS LIKE
TSUNAMIS AND LANDSLIDES.

7. VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES
CAUSES:
OCCUR WHEN MAGMA MOVES BENEATH THE
EARTH’S SURFACE.
HAPPENS WHEN MAGMA IS FORCED UP BY
MOVEMENT OF EARTH’S PLATES OR WHEN ITS
RELEASED FROM A VOLCANO.
EFFECTS:
CAN CAUSE SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE EVEN
THOUGH THEY ARE TYPICALLY SMALLER THAN
TECTONIC EARTHQUAKES.
THEY CAN TRIGGER OTHER DISASTERS SUCH
AS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS.

8. COLLAPSE EARTHQUAKES
CAUSES:
,OCCURS WHEN BUILDINGS OR STRUCTURES
COLLAPSE.
CAN HAPPEN DUE TO VARIETY OF REASONS
INCLUDING POOR CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES,
SEVERE WEATHER OR AN EARTHQUAKE.
EFFECTS:
TYPICALLY VERY SMALL BUT CAN BE DEADLY IF
OCCURS IN POPULATED AREA.
CAN CAUSE SECONDARY DISASTERS SUCH AS
FIRES AND GAS LEAKS.

9. EXPLOSION EARTHQUAKES
CAUSES:
CAUSED BY DETONATION OF EXPLOSIVES.
MINING, CONSTRUCTION AND WARFARE ARE
OTHER REASONS.
EFFECTS:
TYPICALLY VERY SMALL BUT CAN BE DEADLY IF
OCCURS IN POPULATED AREA.
CAN CAUSE SECONDARY DISASTERS SUCH AS
FIRE AND GAS LEAKAGE.

10. EFFECTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE
Ground shaking:
Can cause buildings, bridges, and other structures to
collapse.
Tsunamis:
Underwater earthquakes can generate large ocean
waves that travel long distances.
Landslides:
Slopes become unstable, leading to the downhill
movement of soil and rocks.

11. MOVEMENT OF TECTONC PLATES
When the stress becomes too great, the
rocks along the edges of the plates can
break and slip past each other. This
sudden movement releases energy in the
form of seismic waves, which travel
through the Earth's crust and cause the
ground to shake.
The most common cause of earthquakes is the
movement of tectonic plates

12. TYPES OF PLATE TECTONIC
BOUNDARIES
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY:
These are boundaries where two plates
are moving towards each other. When
two convergent plates collide, one plate
may be subducted beneath the other.
This can cause earthquakes, volcanoes,
and mountain building.

13. TYPES OF PLATE TECTONIC
BOUNDARIES
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY:
These are boundaries where two plates
are moving away from each other. As the
plates move apart, new crust is created
by volcanic activity. This can also cause
earthquakes.

14. TYPES OF PLATE TECTONIC
BOUNDARIES
TRANSFORM BOUNDARY:
These are boundaries where two plates
are sliding past each other. This can
cause earthquakes, but it does not
usually cause volcanoes or mountain
building.

15. Seismic Waves
“A Journey Through Earth’s Interior”
Earthquakes are natural phenomena
caused by the sudden release of
energy within the Earth’s crust.
When this energy is released, it
generates seismic waves that
propagate through the Earth. These
waves provide valuable insights into
the Earth’s composition and
structure.

16. BODY WAVES P-WAVES S-WAVES
RAYLEIGH
WAVES
LOVE WAVES
SEISMIC WAVES
SURFACE
WAVES

17. BODY WAVES:
Body waves originate at the focus (the point within the Earth where the earthquake
begins). They travel through the Earth’s interior, passing through its body.
P-WAVES (PRIMARY WAVES):
P-waves are the fastest seismic waves
and can travel through both solid and
liquid materials.
They cause particles in the Earth to
move back and forth in the direction of
wave propagation (like a slinky).
P-waves are compressional waves,
meaning they compress and expand
the material as they pass through it.
S-WAVES (SECONDARY WAVES):
S-waves are slower than P-waves and
can only travel through solid materials.
They cause particles to move
perpendicular to the direction of wave
propagation (side-to-side or up-and-
down).
S-waves are shear waves, resulting in a
shearing motion within the material

19. SURFACE WAVES:
Surface waves travel along the Earth’s surface and are responsible for most of the
damage during an earthquake.
They move more slowly than body waves but have larger amplitudes
LOVE WAVES:
Named after A. E. H. Love, these waves
cause horizontal shearing motion.
They move side-to-side, parallel to the
Earth’s surface.
Love waves can cause significant
damage to structures.
Velocity and Direction:
RAYLEIGH WAVES:
Named after Lord Rayleigh, these
waves create rolling motions similar
to ocean waves.
They combine both vertical and
horizontal motion, resulting in
elliptical particle paths.
Rayleigh waves are responsible for
the ground’s shaking during an
earthquake

22. RECORDING SEISMIC WAVES:
SEISMOGRAPHS
Seismometers (also known as seismographs) record seismic waves.
When an earthquake occurs, the seismometer’s suspended mass remains
relatively still, while the case around it moves with the ground shaking.
The relative movement between the case and the seismometer creates a
seismogram—a graphical representation of the seismic waves.

23. SEISMOGRAPHS:
SCIENTIFIC APPLICATION
Seismic waves help locate the hypocenter (the point of origin) of an earthquake.
Geophysicists use the refraction and reflection of seismic waves to study Earth’s
internal structure.
Scientists generate and measure vibrations to investigate shallow subsurface
structures.
In summary, seismic waves provide valuable insights into Earth’s hidden layers,
composition, and structural features. They allow us to explore the dynamic processes
occurring beneath our feet.

24. EARTHQUAKE
WARNING
SYSTEMS (EWS)

25. WHAT IS AN EWS?
An earthquake warning system is a
sophisticated network of sensors designed
to detect seismic activity and issue alerts
before the shaking reaches populated
areas.

26. HOW DOES IT WORK?
Seismic Sensors: These are sensitive instruments placed strategically to detect ground motion. They can be
seismometers, accelerometers, or GPS sensors.
Data Processing: Once seismic sensors detect activity, the data is transmitted to a central processing unit. Here,
algorithms analyze the data to determine the earthquake's location, magnitude, and expected intensity.
Alert Generation: If the earthquake is significant enough, the system generates alerts. These alerts are sent out
through various channels such as smartphones, TV and radio broadcasts, sirens, and even automated systems
for trains to slow down or stop.
Public Notification: The alerts are disseminated to the public, providing them with crucial seconds to minutes
of warning before the shaking begins. This can be enough time for people to take cover, shut down machinery,
or halt transportation systems

28. SMARTPHONE
APPS
TYPES OF EWS
SIESMIC BASED
GPS BASED
These detect seismic waves generated by earthquakes.
They're the most common and can provide a few seconds
to a minute of warning before the shaking reaches an area.
These measure ground movements using GPS stations.
They can provide more accurate warnings but are limited
in coverage compared to seismic-based systems.
Smartphone applications use the built-in accelerometers
present in most smartphones to detect ground motion.
These applications collect data from multiple devices and
transmit it to a central server for analysis. If a significant
earthquake is detected, warnings can be sent to users in
the affected areas.

29. IMPORTANCE OF EWS
Saving Lives: The primary importance of earthquake warning systems is their potential to save lives. By providing even
a few seconds of advance notice, people can take cover, move to safer locations, or evacuate buildings, significantly
reducing the risk of injury or death.
Reducing Injuries and Damage: Early warnings also allow for critical infrastructure to be safeguarded. Shutting down
transportation systems, halting manufacturing processes, or stopping surgeries in hospitals can prevent injuries and
minimize damage to buildings and equipment.
Mitigating Economic Impact: Earthquakes can cause significant economic losses through damage to buildings,
infrastructure, and disruption of business activities. By providing advance warning, earthquake warning systems can
help mitigate these economic impacts by allowing businesses and governments to take preventative measures.
Psychological Preparation: Knowing that an earthquake warning system is in place can also provide psychological
preparation for individuals and communities. It instills a sense of readiness and empowerment, reducing panic and
confusion during an earthquake event.

30. REAL LIFE EXAMPLES OF EWS
Japan: Japan has one of the most advanced earthquake warning systems in the world, known as
the Japan Meteorological Agency's Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system. It provides warnings
through TV, radio, and smartphones, giving citizens valuable time to prepare.
California, USA: The state of California has implemented an earthquake early warning system
called ShakeAlert. It provides warnings through the Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA) system, as
well as specialized apps.
Mexico: Mexico has the Sistema de Alerta Sísmica Mexicano (SASMEX), which uses a network of
sensors to detect earthquakes and issue warnings via sirens, TV, radio, and mobile apps.

31. Tsunami
Tsunami is a Japanese world for Harbour wave . A tsunami is a
series of very long-wavelength waves in a large water bodies
like seas or large lakes caused by a major disturbance above
or below the water surface or due to the displacement of
large volume of water.
They are sometimes reffered to as tidal waves because of
Long wavelengths, although the attraction of the moon
and sun play no role in thier formation

35. Mechanism of Tsunami Waves
Megathrust earthquackes caused a sudden displacement in a seabed
sufficient to cause the sudden raising of a large body of water.
As the subducting plate plunges beneath the less dense plate,stresses
build-up, the locked zone between the plates give way abruptiy, and the
parts of the oceanic crust is then upthrust resulting in the displacement
of a large column of water vertically
The tsunami on December 26,2004, was caused after an
earthquake displaced the seabed off the coast of
Sumantra ,Indonesia

38. Propagationof the waves
The ripples then race outward, and a tsunami is caused.
As a tsunami leaves deep water and propagates into the
shallow waters, it transforms. This is because as deep the
depth of the water decreases, the speed of the tsunami
reduces. But the change of total energy of the tsunami
remains constant.
With the decrease in speed , the hieght of the tsunsmi
waves waves grows.A tsunsmi which was imperceptible
in deep water may grow to many meters high, and
this is called the ‘shoaling effect‘.

46. Earthquake
Preparedness
While we cannot predict when or where an
earthquake will occur, being prepared can save
lives and reduce damage.
Individual and Community Preparedness.
Government Role in Earthquake Disaster
Preparedness.

47. 1.Individual and Community
Preparedness
Understanding Earthquake Risks
Recognizing Earthquake Signs
Understanding the signs of an impending earthquake,
such as ground shaking, can help individuals take timely
action to protect themselves and others.
Identifying Safe Spots
Learning about safe spots in different settings, such as
indoors, outdoors, or in vehicles, is crucial for minimizing
the risk of injury during an earthquake.

48. Preparedness Strategies

49. Strategies DURING AN EARTHQUAKE

50. Strategies AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE

51. 2.Government’s Role in Disaster
Preparedness
Government Preparedness Initiatives
365-Day Preparedness
Highlighting the continuous efforts of
federal, state, and local governments
in disaster preparedness to ensure a
proactive and comprehensive
approach to earthquake readiness.
Risk Assessment and Mitigation
Government agencies conduct risk
assessments and implement mitigation
measures to reduce the impact of
earthquakes on infrastructure and public
safety.

52. Collaboration and Communication
Interagency Collaboration
Emphasizing the importance of
collaboration between government
agencies, emergency responders, and
community organizations to streamline
disaster response and recovery efforts.
Public Awareness Campaigns
Government-led public awareness
campaigns play a vital role in
educating citizens about earthquake
preparedness and promoting a
culture of readiness.

53. Disaster Response and Recovery
Emergency Response Plans
Outlining the government's role in developing and
implementing emergency response plans, including
evacuation procedures and medical assistance.
Rebuilding and Rehabilitation
Government support for post-earthquake
recovery efforts, including infrastructure
rehabilitation and community rebuilding
initiatives, is crucial for restoring normalcy after a
Earthquake disaster.

54. HISTORICALHISTORICAL
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
Presented by Qazi Adnan
2021BCIV021

55. 2023 TURKEY–SYRIA
EARTHQUAKE
Kahramanmaraş
earthquake

56. GEOGRAPHY

57. Turkey has a history of massive earthquakes, with this region frequently experiencing numerous
seismic events over the last century. The most important and devastating of these earthquakes
were:
In 1939, an 8.0 magnitude earthquake struck.
In 1999, two earthquakes with magnitudes of 7.4 and 7.0 on the Richter scale occurred. These
earthquakes resulted in the deaths of 18,000 people, with around 45,000 others wounded.
In 2011, a 7.1 magnitude earthquake also shook the region.
Over the past hundred years, this region has seen thousands of earthquakes, with extremely high
intensity and magnitude. More than 90,000 people have died in about 100 years due to these
thousands of earthquakes.

61. Extent of Damage: The earthquake caused widespread damage across an area of
about 350,000 km2, affecting an estimated 14 million people, or 16 percent of
Turkey's population. Development experts estimated that about 1.5 million people
were left homeless.
Casualties and Fatalities: The confirmed death toll in Turkey was 53,537, while
estimates for Syria ranged between 5,951 and 8,476. This earthquake became the
deadliest in modern Turkish history and one of the deadliest globally in the 21st
century.
Economic Impact: Damages were estimated at US$148.8 billion in Turkey,
equivalent to nine percent of the country's GDP. Syria also suffered significant
damages estimated at US$14.8 billion.

66. Japan: Japan has a robust earthquake preparedness
and response system. It has implemented strict
building codes, earthquake-resistant infrastructure
designs, early warning systems, and comprehensive
disaster management plans
Japanese infrastructure, including buildings, bridges,
and lifelines (such as power, water, and
transportation), is designed to withstand strong
earthquakes. The country invests heavily in resilient
infrastructure..

67. Implement Stringent Building Codes: Turkey should adopt
and enforce strict building codes that prioritize earthquake-
resistant designs, especially in high-risk areas.
Collapse of newly constructed
buildings raised doubts about the
construction industry's adherence to
seismic codes.
After the 1999 İzmit earthquake, new
building codes were enacted, but
there were complaints about poor
enforcement.

68. Invest in Resilient Infrastructure: Allocate resources to upgrade
critical infrastructure, such as bridges, lifelines (electricity, water,
transportation), and hospitals, to withstand strong seismic forces.

69. Advance Early Warning Systems: Develop and deploy advanced earthquake early
warning systems that provide timely alerts to the public and emergency responders,
enabling swift evacuation and response actions

70. Promote Public Education and Awareness: Launch extensive public education
campaigns to raise awareness about earthquake risks, safety procedures during
earthquakes, and the importance of preparedness kits and evacuation plans
On February 3, the Dutch
researcher wrote on Twitter:
"Sooner or later there will
be a magnitude 7.5
earthquake in this region
(South-Central Turkey,
Jordan, Syria, Lebanon)."

71. Learn from Past Events: Conduct thorough post-earthquake assessments
and studies to identify lessons learned, areas for improvement, and best
practices to inform future preparedness efforts.

72. Traditional Earthquake Resistant Systems of
KASHMIR

73. INTRODUCTION
Earthquakes have occurred regularly
over centuries in Kashmir and people
have learnt to live with it. Two old
construction systems known as taq and
dhajji-dewari exist here side-by-side and
both have tested quake resistant
features. The recorded cultural history of
Kashmir dates back 3,000 years.

74. Most of the traditional buildings in Srinagar and the Vale of Kashmir can be
divided into two basic systems of construction.
1. TAQ
2.DHAJJ DEWARI
The first system, taq, consists of load-bearing masonry walls with
horizontal timbers embedded in them.
These timbers are tied together like horizontal ladders that are laid into
the walls at each floor level and at the window lintel level.
They serve to hold the masonry walls together and tie them to the
floors.

75. OVER VIEW OF TIMBER-LACED MASONRY BEARING WALL CONSTRUCTION (TAQ)

78. Taq construction is a composite system of building construction with a
modular layout of load-bearing masonry piers and window bays tied
together with ladder-like constructions of horizontal timbers embedded in
the masonry walls at each floor level and window lintel level. These
horizontal timbers tie the masonry in the walls together, thus confining the
brick mud or rubble stone of the wall by resisting the propagation of
cracks. The masonry piers are almost always 1 to 2 feet square and the
window bay/alcove (taqshe) 3 to 4 feet in width. The taq modular layout
defines the Kashmiri house size measurements, i.e. a house can be 3 taq
(window bays) to 13 taq in width.
OVER VIEW OF TIMBER-LACED MASONRY BEARING WALL CONSTRUCTION (TAQ)

79. OVER VIEW OF TIMBER FRAME WITH INFILL MASONRY CONSTRUCTION
(DHAJJ DEWARI)

82. OVER VIEW OF TIMBER FRAME WITH INFILL MASONRY CONSTRUCTION
(DHAJJ DEWARI)
Dhajji dewari is a timber frame into which one layer of masonry is
tightly packed to form a wall, resulting in a continuous wall membrane
of wood and masonry.
The term is derived from a Persian word meaning “patchwork quilt
wall”.
The frames of each wall consist not only of vertical studs, but also often
of cross-members that subdivide the masonry infill into smaller panels,
impart strength and prevent the masonry from collapsing out of the
frame.

84. Conclusion
The earthquake performance issue is in fact fundamental for taq and dhajji buildings.
These are not just old buildings waiting to be scrapped and replaced, with a few worth
setting aside in a theme park or museum: they are buildings that embody distinctly
modern construction features – features that can save lives once they are fully
researched, understood and embraced. These buildings are also significantly more
sustainable than modern construction based on steel, concrete block and reinforced
concrete .This type of earthquake resistant construction is economic as well efficient to
counter earthquake forces. Thus, its affordable for even BPL (Below Poverty Line)
class..Hence could be helpful in saving a lot of lives in the future.

85. DETAILED DISCUSSION
ON HOW TO RESPOND
AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE

86. RESPONSE LISTEN TO LOCAL KNOWLEDGE
Local volunteers are always the first responders,
sometimes the only responders. They are the true
heroes in every earthquake. The role of local
communities, especially children and youth in saving
lives during the first few hours and days in an
earthquake zone are critical.
Local people are often quicker to know which bridges
have collapsed and which roads are blocked after
natural disastersthan satellites and navigation
systems

87. RESPONSE
CHILDREN NEED PRIORITY
ATTENTION
Children are often the most vulnerable in
earthquakes. Children who have lost their parents,
who are separated from family and friends and
displaced from their homes, girls and LGBTQ+
children are more vulnerable to bullying, abuse and
exploitation.
Relief efforts must place children, and those who are
most vulnerable, like displaced girls, first.

88. RESPONSE
DON'T IGNORE AFTERSHOCKS
They can bring down buildings that have been
compromised and can cause many more deaths.

89. RESPONSE
INVISIBLE NEEDS MUST BE
ADDRESSED
Search and rescue efforts must be the top priority
along with life-saving medical assistance, food, clean
water and sanitation, blankets to beat freezing
weather conditions in the initial hours and days.
However, some requirements are less visible — like
mental health needs. Left unattended, psychological
issues can leave lasting scars on young minds. It is
critical to address the mental health needs of young
survivor from day one.

90. RESPONSE
CORRECT INFORMATION SAVES
LIVES
The correct information at the appropriate time aids
relief efforts. While working in Sendai in Japan
(following the monster undersea earthquake and
Tsunami in 2011), I witnessed a group of students
running an information kiosk. Their bulletin board
provided information such as where to get heaters
and blankets. A lifeline to many.

91. RESPONSE
QUICK DECISIONS OND GOOD
LEADERSHIP CAN MAKE OR BREAK
RECOVERY EFFORTS
Every moment is a litmus test on leadership in crisis
settings. Every moment is also a new beginning to
change the course of relief efforts. Speed is a
characteristic of quality in crisis response.
Governments must listen to survivors when designing
relief and recovery plans.

92. RESPONSE
TREAT PEOPLE WITH DIGNITY
An earthquake zone is not the address to send old clothes
and medicines past their expiry date. A principled
humanitarian approach is about responding to the actual
unmet needs of survivors, not about supplying what you have
in surplus.
Cash and voucher assistance has emerged as a preferred
and more effective mode of relief assistance in most aid
settings. Sometimes survivors have simple needs- such as
getting replacement eyeglasses when they have been
destroyed.
If you find a mismatch between your efforts and abilities and
the actual needs of people, consider allowing others who can
be more relevant to do the job.

93. RESPONSE
EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS IS
VITAL IN SAVING LIVES
A dollar invested in disaster risk reduction and
preparedness is priceless when disaster strikes.
Governments and donors need to dig deeper into their
pockets and invest to build resilient communities. Bad
buildings kill people. It is vital to make schools and
hospitals in risk areas stronger and safer.
Disadvantaged communities are hit worst by crisis and
poverty multiplies suffering. Long term investments
that target the root causes of poverty are key to
building resilient communities.

94. RESPONSE
AID WORKERS ORE HUMON BEINGS
FIRST AND RELIEF WORKERS SECOND
They are often a group that gets the least attention
amid impossible deadlines and competing priorities.
Providing care and support, safe access and
transportation, and ensuring the well-being of
caregivers are vital.

95. CODAL PROVISIONS FOR SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF RC BUILDING AS PER
IS1893(PART 1):2002

96. DETERMINE OF BASE SHEAR