Eathical and legal Issues in Health Care.pptx

B.SC. Nursing II Computer Unit XI

1. Ethical and Legal Issues in Healthcare Unit-IX

2. Ethical Issues in Healthcare High ethical standards are necessary for healthcare. These standards fall under the umbrella of health or medical ethics, the field of applied ethics that is concerned with moral decision-making applied to medical practices and policies.

3. F our basic principles Autonomy : Determine the wishes of the patient to protect their autonomy. Justice : Follow the due process to determine limits on healthcare and treat patients alike. Beneficence : Seek the patient’s best interest and assess what counts as goods to be pursued Non- maleficence : Determine what counts as harms to avoid.

4.  Ethical Issues in Healthcare 1.     Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders- A Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) order is written by a doctor and it instructs healthcare providers not to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if a patient stops breathing or if their heart stops beating. The DNR doesn’t have instructions for any other treatment and can only be permitted after a physician speaks with the patient.

5. Ethical Issues in Healthcare 2- Doctor and Patient Confidentiality- Violating a patient’s confidentiality can have legal and ethical consequences for healthcare providers, according to  the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA ) , The act requires physicians to protect the privacy and security of a patient’s medical records.

6. HIPPA also sets forth who can see the confidential information and who cannot. Despite the law’s straightforwardness, there are some gray areas. For example, withholding information about a patient’s condition could be unethical because it could harm the patient or someone else. The opposite can be harmful too. 

7. Ethical Issues in Healthcare  Malpractice and Negligence- Medical errors are the third leading cause of death in the U.S., according to a  study published  in the BMJ journal. Despite the decreasing rate of malpractice suits, patients who are affected by it may never recover. For others, it may take years.

8. Ethical Issues in Healthcare Physician-Assisted Suicide- Physician-assisted suicide is the act of intentionally killing oneself with the aid of someone who has the knowledge to do so. In the most basic sense, the only person fully qualified to participate in the process is a physician. PAS is subject to criminalization by the state only.  According to federal law , legalizing PAS is a matter of states’ rights.

9. Ethical Issues in Healthcare Informed Consent- The ethical code of health care professionals states that patients have the right to know the truth about their medical condition, and that they can choose treatment options. Ethical and legal dilemmas arise when the health care provider and the patient, or the patient’s family, have differing opinions on appropriate care. A health care professional may be torn between the ethics of beneficence (doing good) and autonomy (respecting patient’s wishes). If resolution cannot be reached, a judge may need to rule on the matter.

10. For Example A patient’s family asks the doctor not to tell their elderly mother that her tumor is malignant. The doctor disagrees with the patient’s request to forgo treatment.

11. Ethical Issues in Healthcare Professional Boundaries- Health care professionals must maintain appropriate boundaries. Patients are vulnerable, and that vulnerability needs to be acknowledged and respected at all times.

12. For Example Successful treatment outcomes can give rise to deep feelings of gratitude that may possibly mistaken for physical attraction. Professional ethics and sexual exploitation laws prohibit inappropriate involvement with clients such as dating or accepting gifts that exceed nominal value.

13. Data Privacy- Protecting patient privacy is essential, in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Health care professionals must know and follow HIPPA laws, and cannot disclose patient information. Legally and ethically, health care professionals cannot violate patient trust, which is an essential component of treatment.

14. For Example When a patient dies, privacy rights still apply. Accidental or intentional disclosure of private patient information can result in litigation, huge fines and jail time for the violator. The medical secretary thinks she may have mistakenly mailed Patient A’s medical records to Patient B.

15. Access to Care Access to care poses difficult ethical and legal dilemmas for health care professionals, who sign an oath not to harm their patient. Striking a balance between quality care and efficiency can be challenging. Health care professionals struggle to help patients who lack the resources to cover the treatment they need.

16. For Example Pressure from hospital administrations, insurance companies and managed care organizations further constrain the choices for treatment and prescriptions. A malpractice suit is more likely to happen if a patient claims that his condition was misdiagnosed by a harried medical practitioner.

17. Digital technologies are getting priorities in all areas of the patient dealings, both within research area and the clinical sectors, throughout healthcare systems across the world

18. Patients’ rights in digital health care  included patient security in digital health care and freedom of informed choice in digital health care.          

19. Patient security in digital health care was described as patients being concerned about their confidentiality in digital communication and their privacy being a key element of trustworthy artificial intelligence. Health care professionals should consider about patient safety and should prevent any kind of unintentional harm to them.

20. Freedom of informed choice in digital health care meant preservation of dignity and support of human autonomy in digital health care services. In case of video visit clinician need to trust on patient’s judgment to avoid negative disturbances. Valid informed consent, an important value and part of ethics, should be taken from the patient considering long time data use and storing as well as technological and language difficulties, because it plays an important role to find out truthful information.

21. Responsible behavior of health care professionals in digital health care  included Accountability in digital health care, Transparency in digital health care, Relation of trust in digital health care.   Accountability is important in procedural value for digital health which maintain trustworthiness of artificial intelligence. In case of video visit sensibility of clinician is required to avoid negative disturbances.  Human agency and oversight also have importance for trustworthiness of artificial intelligence.   Transparency in digital health care is another key element of trustworthy artificial intelligence which has important procedural value for digital health.   Relation of trust in digital health care is important in between service receiver and service provider to mitigate ethical risk. By working together in relationships of trust patient safety can be maintain also.  

22. Governance of health care data  includes Safe accessibility of Digital health care data and Responsible Management of health care data   Most of the patients want to keep their data private and confidential.  Important value in digital health is safety of information .  So, data should be stored in a safe way to protect from unauthorized access. Exploitation of data should be prevented carefully.   Responsible Management of health care data implies that trustworthy artificial intelligence should be robust, lawful and ethical, so governance to be considered in rollout of digital access between patient and clinicians. Data should not be used without any purpose. Awareness of data use and data ownership has important value in digital health care.   

23. Equity in digital heath care  includes Individual equity in digital health care and Societal equity in digital health care    Individual Equity in digital health care means equity in empowerment, access, exclusion, inclusion and getting equal treatment in health care access. All kind of fairness and ethical issues to be considered in rollout of digital access between patient and clinicians.   Societal equity in digital health care Non-discrimination, non-stigmatization, environmental and societal well-being are also the key element of digital health care.

24. AI is going to be increasingly used in healthcare and hence needs to be morally accountable. Data bias needs to be avoided by using appropriate algorithms based on un-biased real time data. Diverse and inclusive programming groups and frequent audits of the algorithm, including its implementation in a system, need to be carried out. While AI may not be able to completely replace clinical judgment, it can help clinicians make better decisions. Summary

25. Thank You